匈牙利占領下的南斯拉夫

匈牙利占領下的南斯拉夫是指第二次世界大戰期間，匈牙利王國佔領下的南斯拉夫。當時匈牙利王國參與了軸心國對南斯拉夫王國的入侵，而且占領併吞並了巴奇卡、巴蘭尼亞、梅吉穆列縣以及普雷克穆列地區。

這些地區在1920年之前都是匈牙利領土，第一次世界大戰後簽訂的《特里亞農條約》規定匈牙利要將這些地區全部移交給南斯拉夫。今日，前南斯拉夫的巴奇卡地區屬於塞爾維亞的伏伊伏丁那；前南斯拉夫的巴蘭尼亞和梅吉穆列屬於克羅埃西亞；前南斯拉夫的普雷克穆列屬於斯洛維尼亞。

占領行動始於1941年4月11日，8萬匈牙利部隊穿越南斯拉夫國境線，支援以德軍為首的軸心國侵略軍（軸心國陣營發動的南斯拉夫戰役始於5天前）。在此期間，塞族非正規武裝切特尼克曾抵抗過匈軍，但南斯拉夫皇家軍隊在當時已經崩盤了。當地的南斯拉夫德意志人已經組建了民兵組織，將大約9萬名南斯拉夫官兵繳械，由此間接援助了匈軍。儘管只遭遇了零星抵抗，但匈軍還是在最初的行動中殺戮了大量平民，其中還包括一些德裔少數民族。軸心國傀儡政權克羅埃西亞獨立國在成立後便同意匈牙利吞併梅吉穆列地區，此舉令當地的克羅埃西亞人口大為驚愕。

匈牙利占領當局馬上將巴奇卡和巴蘭尼亞的人口分為兩類，一是在1920年匈牙利失去上述地區之前就已定居的居民，二是在上述地區在被劃給南斯拉夫後才遷入的定居者（大部分都是塞爾維亞人）。匈方開始將上千名當地塞族人趕入集中營，還將他們驅逐至克羅埃西亞獨立國、蒙特內哥羅軍政府控制下的領土以及塞爾維亞軍事指揮官區境內。最終，上萬名塞族人被匈方驅逐出了新近吞併的領土。之後，匈方開始對占領區實施馬扎爾化政策，改變當地的政治、社會以及經濟生活，其中就包括將一些匈牙利人和塞凱伊人遷過來定居。馬扎爾化並未影響到德意志裔人，他們在匈牙利的統治下擁有特殊地位，在普雷克穆列地區，匈方對當地的斯洛維尼亞人相對寬容一些。

1941年下半年，匈牙利占領下的南斯拉夫開始出現小規模武裝抵抗，匈方對此採取嚴酷手段，包括草率處決、驅逐以及監禁。抵抗運動主要集中在沙伊卡什卡地區的南巴奇卡的塞族聚居區，匈軍後來在這裡展開了報復。1941年12月，匈牙利將南斯拉夫被佔領土被正式併入匈牙利國土。1942年1月，匈軍在新國土上展開突襲，殺害了逾3300人，其中大部分是塞族人和猶太人。

1944年3月，匈牙利意識到軸心國陣營即將戰敗，於是開始與同盟國陣營談判；接著，德方發動瑪格麗特行動，將匈牙利連同其吞併的領土一併占領。後來，德方將曾經被匈方吞併，如今被己方占領的領土上殘餘的猶太人全部送進滅絕營，導致被占領的前南斯拉夫王國領土上85%的猶太人死亡。隨著蘇聯紅軍的反攻，德方在撤出巴爾幹之前將巴奇卡和巴蘭尼亞的6000-70000名德意志裔人疏散至奧地利。1944年末，紅軍將德國人趕出了巴奇卡和巴蘭尼亞地區，兩地重歸南斯拉夫控制。梅吉穆列和普雷克穆列兩地區則一直被德方占領，直到戰爭的最後幾周為止。

參考文獻

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網站

• Hungarian president apologizes for crimes. B92. 26 June 2013 [28 November 2020].