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β2-醣蛋白1

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维基百科,自由的百科全书
APOH
已知的结构
PDB直系同源搜索: PDBe RCSB
识别号
别名APOH;, B2G1, B2GP1, BG, apolipoprotein H
外部IDOMIM138700 MGI88058 HomoloGene26 GeneCardsAPOH
基因位置(人类
17号染色体
染色体17号染色体[1]
17号染色体
APOH的基因位置
APOH的基因位置
基因座17q24.2起始66,212,033 bp[1]
终止66,256,525 bp[1]
RNA表达模式
查阅更多表达数据
直系同源
物种人类小鼠
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
mRNA​序列

NM_000042

NM_013475

蛋白序列

NP_000033

NP_038503

基因位置​(UCSC)Chr 17: 66.21 – 66.26 MbChr 11: 108.23 – 108.31 Mb
PubMed​查找[3][4]
维基数据
查看/编辑人类查看/编辑小鼠

β2-糖蛋白1(英语:β2-glycoprotein 1,β2-GP1),又称载脂蛋白H(英语:Apolipoprotein H,Apo-H),是一种多功能血浆蛋白[5]

β2-GP1 在凝集过程中具有复杂的作用,似乎会改变二磷酸腺苷(ADP)介导的血小板凝集[6]。通常,β2-GP1 在血清中具有抗凝血活性(透过抑制凝血因子),然而,血液因子的变化可能导致其活性的逆转。

虽然β2-GP1曾被称为载脂蛋白H,但其在脂蛋白部分中的含量并不显著,因此 ApoH 被认为是一个错误的命名[7]

结构

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β2-GP1是一种的血浆糖蛋白[5],在人体内由“APOH”基因编码。约由326颗氨基酸所构成,分子量约为 50 kDa[8]。主要由肝脏分泌,但在内皮细胞单核细胞、滋养层细胞等多种细胞都能侦测到其mRNA表达[8]

该蛋白拥有五个结构域(DI、DII、DIII、DIV、DV),DV结构内含有一段带正电的氨基酸序列(Lys-Asn-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys),使其易于和阴电性的磷脂结合,而抗磷脂抗体则通常会与DI结构域结合[9]

β2-GP1在人体中可以呈环状或带状两种构型。90%的血浆β2-GP1会以环状构型存在,其DI和DV结构域会相接,并游离于血浆中。环状的β2-GP1在接触到阴电性的磷脂时,DV结构域会与DI解开并与磷脂结合[10][11]

生理功能

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该蛋白在生物体中与凝血调控较为相关。

凝血调控

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β2-GP1同时具有抗凝血和促进凝血的活性,可平衡生物体内的血凝平衡。在促凝功能方面,该蛋白会间接抑制具抗凝血功能的活性蛋白C英语Protein C(Activated Protein C,aPC),也会抑制胞浆素抑制蛋白(antiplasmin)的功能,间接抑制胞浆素的溶纤功能[8]

β2-GP1 可完全抑制血小板释放血清素[12],并阻止ADP诱导的后续凝集。β2-GP1 参与与凝集相关的带负电化合物的结合,并通过内源性血液凝固途径的接触激活来抑制凝集[13]

β2-GP1 会减少血小板上凝血酶酶原酶(prothrombinase)的结合位点,并且当生理浓度的 β2-GP1 存在时,它会减少由胶原蛋白所引起的血小板激活,这表明 β2-GP1 在凝血过程中具有调节作用[14]

β2-GP1 也会在血小板存在的情况下抑制Xa因子英语factor Xa的产生[15]。此外,β2-GP1 亦会抑制 XIIa因子英语factor XII的激活[16]

此外,β2-GP1会抑制蛋白C(protein C)的激活,阻碍其在磷脂酰丝氨酸:磷脂酰胆碱(phosphatidylserine:phosphatidylcholine)囊泡上的作用[17]

病理学

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抗 β2-GP1 抗体可见于感染性疾病及某些全身性红斑狼疮(SLE)等自身免疫疾病[18]。诊断抗磷脂综合症时,抗心磷脂抗体英语anti-cardiolipin antibodies的检测需要β2-GP1 存在于心磷脂提取物中[19]

参考文献

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000091583 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000000049 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 
  4. ^ Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 APOH - Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - APOH gene & protein. UniProt. [2019-05-05]. (原始内容存档于2025-02-09). 
  6. ^ Nimpf J, Wurm H, Kostner GM. Interaction of beta 2-glycoprotein-I with human blood platelets: influence upon the ADP-induced aggregation. Thromb. Haemost. 1985, 54 (2): 397–401. PMID 4082080. S2CID 23669362. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1657748. 
  7. ^ Ağar C, de Groot PG, Levels JH, Marquart JA, Meijers JC. Beta2-glycoprotein I is incorrectly named apolipoprotein H. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2009-01, 7 (1): 235–6. PMID 19017258. S2CID 43329586. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03223.x可免费查阅. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Li, Jing; Zhu, Xiangrui; Feng, Juan. Role of β2-glycoprotein I in the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology & Autoimmunity. 2023, 3 (3). ISSN 2767-1429. doi:10.1002/rai2.12072 (英语). 
  9. ^ Sheng, Y.; Sali, A.; Herzog, H.; Lahnstein, J.; Krilis, S. A. Site-directed mutagenesis of recombinant human beta 2-glycoprotein I identifies a cluster of lysine residues that are critical for phospholipid binding and anti-cardiolipin antibody activity. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950). 1996-10-15, 157 (8) [2025-02-11]. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 8871678. (原始内容存档于2025-02-02). 
  10. ^ Borchman D, Harris EN, Pierangeli SS, Lamba OP. Interactions and molecular structure of cardiolipin and beta 2-glycoprotein 1 (beta 2-GP1). Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1995, 102 (2): 373–8. PMC 1553418可免费查阅. PMID 7586693. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03792.x. 
  11. ^ McDonnell, Thomas; Wincup, Chris; Buchholz, Ina; Pericleous, Charis; Giles, Ian; Ripoll, Vera; Cohen, Hannah; Delcea, Mihaela; Rahman, Anisur. The role of beta-2-glycoprotein I in health and disease associating structure with function: More than just APS. Blood Reviews. 2020-01-01, 39 [2025-02-11]. ISSN 0268-960X. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2019.100610. (原始内容存档于2024-04-24). 
  12. ^ Nimpf J, Wurm H, Kostner GM. Beta 2-glycoprotein-I (apo-H) inhibits the release reaction of human platelets during ADP-induced aggregation. Atherosclerosis. 1987, 63 (2–3): 109–14. PMID 3827975. doi:10.1016/0021-9150(87)90110-9. 
  13. ^ Schousboe I. beta 2-Glycoprotein I: a plasma inhibitor of the contact activation of the intrinsic blood coagulation pathway. Blood. 1985, 66 (5): 1086–91. PMID 4052628. doi:10.1182/blood.V66.5.1086.1086可免费查阅. 
  14. ^ Nimpf J, Bevers EM, Bomans PH, et al. Prothrombinase activity of human platelets is inhibited by beta 2-glycoprotein-I. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1986, 884 (1): 142–9. PMID 3768409. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(86)90237-0. 
  15. ^ Shi W, Chong BH, Hogg PJ, Chesterman CN. Anticardiolipin antibodies block the inhibition by beta 2-glycoprotein I of the factor Xa generating activity of platelets. Thromb. Haemost. 1993, 70 (2): 342–5. PMID 8236146. S2CID 35371017. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1649577. 
  16. ^ Schousboe I, Rasmussen MS. Synchronized inhibition of the phospholipid mediated autoactivation of factor XII in plasma by beta 2-glycoprotein I and anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I. Thromb. Haemost. 1995, 73 (5): 798–804. PMID 7482406. S2CID 89295513. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1653871. 
  17. ^ Keeling DM, Wilson AJ, Mackie IJ, Isenberg DA, Machin SJ. Role of beta 2-glycoprotein I and anti-phospholipid antibodies in activation of protein C in vitro. J. Clin. Pathol. 1993, 46 (10): 908–11. PMC 501616可免费查阅. PMID 8227406. doi:10.1136/jcp.46.10.908. 
  18. ^ Kumar KS, Jyothy A, Prakash MS, Rani HS, Reddy PP. Beta2-glycoprotein I dependent anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2002, 48 (1): 5–10. PMID 12082318. 
  19. ^ McNeil HP, Simpson RJ, Chesterman CN, Krilis SA. Anti-phospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid-binding inhibitor of coagulation: beta 2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1990, 87 (11): 4120–4. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4120M. PMC 54059可免费查阅. PMID 2349221. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.11.4120可免费查阅. 

外部链接

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