Β2-醣蛋白1
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β2-糖蛋白1(英語:β2-glycoprotein 1,β2-GP1),又稱載脂蛋白H(英語:Apolipoprotein H,Apo-H),是一種多功能血漿蛋白[5]。
β2-GP1 在凝集過程中具有複雜的作用,似乎會改變二磷酸腺苷(ADP)介導的血小板凝集[6]。通常,β2-GP1 在血清中具有抗凝血活性(透過抑制凝血因子),然而,血液因子的變化可能導致其活性的逆轉。
雖然β2-GP1曾被稱為載脂蛋白H,但其在脂蛋白部分中的含量並不顯著,因此 ApoH 被認為是一個錯誤的命名[7]。
結構
[编辑]β2-GP1是一種的血漿醣蛋白[5],在人體內由「APOH」基因編碼。約由326顆胺基酸所構成,分子量約為 50 kDa[8]。主要由肝臟分泌,但在內皮細胞、單核球、滋養層細胞等多種細胞都能偵測到其mRNA表達[8]。
該蛋白擁有五個結構域(DI、DII、DIII、DIV、DV),DV結構內含有一段帶正電的胺基酸序列(Lys-Asn-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys),使其易於和陰電性的磷脂結合,而抗磷脂抗體則通常會與DI結構域結合[9]。
β2-GP1在人體中可以呈環狀或帶狀兩種構型。90%的血漿β2-GP1會以環狀構型存在,其DI和DV結構域會相接,並游離於血漿中。環狀的β2-GP1在接觸到陰電性的磷脂時,DV結構域會與DI解開並與磷脂結合[10][11]。
生理功能
[编辑]該蛋白在生物體中與凝血調控較為相關。
凝血調控
[编辑]β2-GP1同時具有抗凝血和促進凝血的活性,可平衡生物體內的血凝平衡。在促凝功能方面,該蛋白會間接抑制具抗凝血功能的活性蛋白C(Activated Protein C,aPC),也會抑制胞漿素抑制蛋白(antiplasmin)的功能,間接抑制胞漿素的溶纖功能[8]。
β2-GP1 可完全抑制血小板釋放血清素[12],並阻止ADP誘導的後續凝集。β2-GP1 參與與凝集相關的帶負電化合物的結合,並通過內源性血液凝固途徑的接觸活化來抑制凝集[13]。
β2-GP1 會減少血小板上凝血酶酶原酶(prothrombinase)的結合位點,並且當生理濃度的 β2-GP1 存在時,它會減少由膠原蛋白所引起的血小板活化,這表明 β2-GP1 在凝血過程中具有調節作用[14]。
β2-GP1 也會在血小板存在的情況下抑制Xa因子的產生[15]。此外,β2-GP1 亦會抑制 XIIa因子的活化[16]。
此外,β2-GP1會抑制蛋白C(protein C)的活化,阻礙其在磷脂酰絲氨酸:磷脂酰膽鹼(phosphatidylserine:phosphatidylcholine)囊泡上的作用[17]。
病理學
[编辑]抗 β2-GP1 抗體可見於感染性疾病及某些全身性紅斑狼瘡(SLE)等自身免疫疾病[18]。診斷抗磷脂症候群時,抗心磷脂抗體的檢測需要β2-GP1 存在於心磷脂提取物中[19]。
參考文獻
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000091583 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000000049 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 APOH - Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - APOH gene & protein. UniProt. [2019-05-05]. (原始内容存档于2025-02-09).
- ^ Nimpf J, Wurm H, Kostner GM. Interaction of beta 2-glycoprotein-I with human blood platelets: influence upon the ADP-induced aggregation. Thromb. Haemost. 1985, 54 (2): 397–401. PMID 4082080. S2CID 23669362. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1657748.
- ^ Ağar C, de Groot PG, Levels JH, Marquart JA, Meijers JC. Beta2-glycoprotein I is incorrectly named apolipoprotein H. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2009-01, 7 (1): 235–6. PMID 19017258. S2CID 43329586. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03223.x
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- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Li, Jing; Zhu, Xiangrui; Feng, Juan. Role of β2-glycoprotein I in the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology & Autoimmunity. 2023, 3 (3). ISSN 2767-1429. doi:10.1002/rai2.12072 (英语).
- ^ Sheng, Y.; Sali, A.; Herzog, H.; Lahnstein, J.; Krilis, S. A. Site-directed mutagenesis of recombinant human beta 2-glycoprotein I identifies a cluster of lysine residues that are critical for phospholipid binding and anti-cardiolipin antibody activity. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950). 1996-10-15, 157 (8) [2025-02-11]. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 8871678. (原始内容存档于2025-02-02).
- ^ Borchman D, Harris EN, Pierangeli SS, Lamba OP. Interactions and molecular structure of cardiolipin and beta 2-glycoprotein 1 (beta 2-GP1). Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1995, 102 (2): 373–8. PMC 1553418
. PMID 7586693. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03792.x.
- ^ McDonnell, Thomas; Wincup, Chris; Buchholz, Ina; Pericleous, Charis; Giles, Ian; Ripoll, Vera; Cohen, Hannah; Delcea, Mihaela; Rahman, Anisur. The role of beta-2-glycoprotein I in health and disease associating structure with function: More than just APS. Blood Reviews. 2020-01-01, 39 [2025-02-11]. ISSN 0268-960X. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2019.100610. (原始内容存档于2024-04-24).
- ^ Nimpf J, Wurm H, Kostner GM. Beta 2-glycoprotein-I (apo-H) inhibits the release reaction of human platelets during ADP-induced aggregation. Atherosclerosis. 1987, 63 (2–3): 109–14. PMID 3827975. doi:10.1016/0021-9150(87)90110-9.
- ^ Schousboe I. beta 2-Glycoprotein I: a plasma inhibitor of the contact activation of the intrinsic blood coagulation pathway. Blood. 1985, 66 (5): 1086–91. PMID 4052628. doi:10.1182/blood.V66.5.1086.1086
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- ^ Nimpf J, Bevers EM, Bomans PH, et al. Prothrombinase activity of human platelets is inhibited by beta 2-glycoprotein-I. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1986, 884 (1): 142–9. PMID 3768409. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(86)90237-0.
- ^ Shi W, Chong BH, Hogg PJ, Chesterman CN. Anticardiolipin antibodies block the inhibition by beta 2-glycoprotein I of the factor Xa generating activity of platelets. Thromb. Haemost. 1993, 70 (2): 342–5. PMID 8236146. S2CID 35371017. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1649577.
- ^ Schousboe I, Rasmussen MS. Synchronized inhibition of the phospholipid mediated autoactivation of factor XII in plasma by beta 2-glycoprotein I and anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I. Thromb. Haemost. 1995, 73 (5): 798–804. PMID 7482406. S2CID 89295513. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1653871.
- ^ Keeling DM, Wilson AJ, Mackie IJ, Isenberg DA, Machin SJ. Role of beta 2-glycoprotein I and anti-phospholipid antibodies in activation of protein C in vitro. J. Clin. Pathol. 1993, 46 (10): 908–11. PMC 501616
. PMID 8227406. doi:10.1136/jcp.46.10.908.
- ^ Kumar KS, Jyothy A, Prakash MS, Rani HS, Reddy PP. Beta2-glycoprotein I dependent anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2002, 48 (1): 5–10. PMID 12082318.
- ^ McNeil HP, Simpson RJ, Chesterman CN, Krilis SA. Anti-phospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid-binding inhibitor of coagulation: beta 2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1990, 87 (11): 4120–4. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4120M. PMC 54059
. PMID 2349221. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.11.4120
.
外部連結
[编辑]- 醫學主題詞表(MeSH):Apolipoprotein+H
- Apolipoprotein H and Applied Research (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Human APOH genome location and APOH gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
- PDBe-KB (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) 提供人類載脂蛋白 H(B2G1)的所有結構信息概覽。