鲱鱼
外观
鲱鱼是大部分鲱科鱼的通称。牠们多在暗沙或岸边联群游弋。其中,最常见,而且具高商业价值的鲱鱼有3种,皆属于鲱属,其捕获量占了鲱鱼总捕获量约90%。其中,三种鲱属鱼中捕获量最多的为大西洋鲱,占比过半。这三种鱼一般在北太平洋、北大西洋、波罗的海和南美洲西岸的浅水温带区出没。此外,也有一些被称作鲱鱼的鱼类在阿拉伯海、印度洋和孟加拉湾一带出没。
历史上,鲱鱼在欧洲渔业扮演了举足轻重的角色,[2]对此鱼的研究在二十世纪早期为渔业学提供了长足进步的基础。[3]此外,牠们曾长年为重要的食用鱼,常以熏、腌处理保存。
种类
[编辑]不少物种皆被归类为鲱鱼,其中大部分皆属于鲱科。鲱鱼的英文名称herring的词源并不明确,可能源于古高地德语的heri,有众多、大群体之意。[4]
鲱科的模式属为鲱属。[5]鲱属共有三种,包括在北太平洋出没的模式种大西洋鲱、在北太平洋出没的太平洋鲱以及智利沿岸出没的贝氏智利鲱。
鲱属鲱鱼 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
俗名 | 学名 | 最长记录 | 一般长度 | 最重可达 | 最高寿命 | 营养级 | 世界鱼类数据库 | 联合国粮食及农业组织 | 整合分类学资讯系统 | 保护级别 |
贝氏智利鲱 | Clupea bentincki Norman, 1936 | 28.4 cm | cm | kg | years | 2.69 | [6] | [7] | [8] | 未予评估 |
大西洋鲱 | Clupea harengus Linnaeus, 1758 | 45.0 cm | 30.0 cm | 1.05 kg | 22 years | 3.23 | [9] | [10] | [11] | 无危[12] |
太平洋鲱 | Clupea pallasii Valenciennes, 1847 | 46.0 cm | 25.0 cm | 19 years | 3.15 | [9] | [13] | [14] | 未予评估 |
除此之外,也有不少鱼类被国际自然保护联盟视为鲱鱼,收录于世界鱼类数据库,现表列如下:
其余鲱鱼 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
种类 | 俗名 | 学名 | 最长记录 | 一般长度 | 最重可达 | 最高寿命 | 营养级 | 世界鱼类数据库 | 联合国粮食及农业组织 | 整合分类学资讯系统 | 保护级别 |
淡水鲱 | 窄体似鲱 | Clupeoides papuensis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) | cm | cm | kg | years | [15] | [16] | 数据缺乏[17] | ||
圆腹鲱科 | 印尼少棱圆鲱 | Dayella malabarica (Day, 1873) | cm | cm | kg | years | [18] | [19] | Least concern[20] | ||
宽带任氏鲱 | Jenkinsia lamprotaenia (Gosse, 1851) | cm | cm | kg | years | [21] | [22] | Least concern[23] | |||
南非吉氏鲱 | Gilchristella aestuaria (Gilchrist, 1913 | cm | cm | kg | years | [24] | [25] | Least concern[26] | |||
小眼任氏鲱 | Jenkinsia majua Whitehead, 1963 | cm | cm | kg | years | [27] | [28] | Least concern[29] | |||
沙丁脂眼鲱 | Etrumeus teres (De Kay, 1842) | 33 cm | 25 cm | kg | years | [30] | [31] | [32] | 未予评估 | ||
双鳍似黍鲱 | Spratellomorpha bianalis (Bertin, 1940) | 4.5 cm | cm | kg | years | 3.11 | [33] | [34] | Data deficient[35] | ||
怀氏脂眼鲱 | Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) | 20 cm | cm | kg | years | 3.4 | [36] | [37] | [38] | Least concern[39] | |
短带任氏鲱 | Jenkinsia parvula Cervigón and Velasquez, 1978
|
cm | cm | kg | years | [40] | [41] | Vulnerable[42] | |||
后丝鲱属 | 加拉帕戈斯后丝鲱 | Opisthonema berlangai (Günther, 1867) | 26 cm | 18 cm | kg | years | 3.27 | [43] | [44] | 易危[45] | |
少耙后丝鲱 | Opisthonema medirastre Berry & Barrett, 1963 | cm | cm | kg | years | [46] | [47] | 无危[48] | |||
太平洋后丝鲱 | Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) | 30 cm | 22 cm | kg | years | [49] | [50] | [44] | 无危[51] | ||
蒲氏后丝鲱 | Opisthonema bulleri (Regan, 1904) | cm | cm | kg | years | [52] | [53] | 无危[54] | |||
其他 | 黑带侧带鲱 | Lile nigrofasciata Castro-Aguirre Ruiz-Campos and Balart, 2002 | cm | cm | kg | years | [55] | [56] | 无危[57] | ||
齿头鲱 | Denticeps clupeoides Clausen, 1959 | cm | cm | kg | years | [58] | [59] | Vulnerable[60] | |||
勃氏犬齿鳓 | Chirocentrodon bleekerianus (Poey, 1867) | cm | cm | kg | years | [61] | [62] | Least concern[63] | |||
细侧带鲱 | Lile gracilis Castro-Aguirre and Vivero, 1990 | cm | cm | kg | years | [64] | [65] | Least concern[66] | |||
太平洋青鳞鱼 | Harengula thrissina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) | cm | cm | kg | years | [67] | [68] | Least concern[69] | |||
小细鲱 | Thrattidion noctivagus Roberts, 1972 | cm | cm | kg | years | [70] | [71] | Least concern[72] | |||
日本银带鲱 | Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) | 10.5 cm | cm | kg | years | 3.0 | [73] | [74] | Not assessed | ||
太平洋侧带鲱 | Lile stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) | cm | cm | kg | years | [75] | [76] | Least concern[77] | |||
西拉棱鲱 | Sierrathrissa leonensis Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969 | cm | cm | kg | years | [78] | [79] | Least concern[80] |
参考
[编辑]- ^ Based on data sourced from the relevant FAO Species Fact Sheets (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Cushing, David H (1975) Marine ecology and fisheries (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09911-0.
- ^ Went, AEJ (1972) "The History of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biology, 73: 351–360.doi:10.1017/S0080455X0000240X
- ^ Herring (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Online Etymology Dictionary, Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ^ Pauly, Daniel (2004) Darwin's Fishes: An Encyclopedia of Ichthyology, Ecology, and Evolution (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Page 109, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82777-5.
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Clupea bentincki. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Clupea bentincki (Norman, 1936) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ Clupea bentincki. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Clupea harengus. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Clupea harengus (Linnaeus, 1758) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ Clupea harengus. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Herdson D & Priede I. Clupea harengus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [6 April 2012].
- ^ Clupea pallasii (Valenciennes, 1847) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ Clupea pallasii. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Clupeoides papuensis. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Clupeoides papuensis. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Clupeoides papuensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Dayella malabarica. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Dayella malabarica. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Ali A & Raghavan R. Dayella malabarica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Jenkinsia lamprotaenia. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Jenkinsia lamprotaenia. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Jenkinsia lamprotaenia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Gilchristella aestuaria. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Gilchristella aestuaria. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Gilchristella aestuaria. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Jenkinsia majua. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Jenkinsia majua. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Munroe TA & Priede IG. Jenkinsia majua. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Etrumeus teres. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Etrumeus teres (Norman, 1936) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ Etrumeus teres. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Spratellomorpha bianalis. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Spratellomorpha bianalis. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Spratellomorpha bianalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Etrumeus whiteheadi. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ Etrumeus whiteheadi. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Heemstra PC, Munroe TA & Priede IG. Etrumeus whiteheadi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Jenkinsia parvula. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Jenkinsia parvula. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Jenkinsia parvula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema berlangai. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ 44.0 44.1 Opisthonema libertate. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Iwamoto T & Eschmeyer W. Opisthonema berlangai. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema medirastre. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Opisthonema medirastre. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Opisthonema medirastre. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema libertate. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Opisthonema libertate. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema bulleri. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Opisthonema bulleri. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Opisthonema bulleri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Lile nigrofasciata. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Lile nigrofasciata. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Iwamoto T & Eschmeyer W. Lile nigrofasciata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Denticeps clupeoides. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Denticeps clupeoides. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Lalèyè P, Moelants T & Olaosebikan BD. Denticeps clupeoides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Chirocentrodon bleekerianus. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Chirocentrodon bleekerianus. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Chirocentrodon bleekerianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Lile gracilis. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Lile gracilis. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Iwamoto T, Eschmeyer W & Smith-Vaniz B. Lile gracilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Harengula thrissina. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Harengula thrissina. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Iwamoto T, Eschmeyer W & Smith-Vaniz B. Harengula thrissina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Thrattidion noctivagus. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Thrattidion noctivagus. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Thrattidion noctivagus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Spratelloides gracilis. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Spratelloides gracilis. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Lile stolifera. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Lile stolifera. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Iwamoto T & Eschmeyer W. Lile stolifera. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
- ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Sierrathrissa leonensis. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
- ^ Sierrathrissa leonensis. ITIS. [April 2012].
- ^ Moelants T & Olaosebikan BD. Sierrathrissa leonensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].
外部链接
[编辑]- Herring "communicate" by flatulence (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) from National Geographic (2003)
- Atlantic Herring (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) from the Gulf of Maine Research Institute
- Nutrition Facts for Herring (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Prospecting herring waste – from ScienceNordic (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- PNAS Population-scale sequencing reveals genetic differentiation due to local adaptation in Atlantic herring. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)