土耳其語音系
外觀
土耳其語音系(英語:Turkish language phonology)為土耳其語之音系,其顯著特點是元音和諧律系統,如此導致元音在大多數的字詞裏要麼為前元音,要麼為後元音;要麼為圓唇元音,要麼為不圓唇元音。軟齶塞音在前元音之前變為硬顎同位異音,在後元音之前變為軟齶同位異音。
輔音
[編輯]唇音 | 齒音 | 齒齦音 | 齒齦後音 | 硬顎音 | 軟齶音 | 聲門音 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
鼻音 | m | n | ||||||||||||
塞音 | p | b | t | d | (c) | (ɟ) | k | ɡ | ||||||
塞擦音 | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ||||||||||||
擦音 | f | v | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | h | |||||||
近音 | (ɫ) | l | j | |||||||||||
閃音 | ɾ |
在土耳其語的原生字詞中,在前元音/e, i, œ, y/所在的音節中,軟齶輔音/k, ɡ/會顎音化為[c, ɟ](類如俄語的變化)。同樣地,輔音/l/在前元音所在的音節中讀為「清l」,即[l];在後元音/a, ɯ, o, u/所在的音節中讀為「濁l」,即[ɫ]。這些互補的條件變體在土耳其語字母正寫法中不加區分,都寫成字母〈k, g, l〉。但在外來語借詞和專有名詞中,[c, ɟ, l]會出現在元音/a, u/之前,跟[k, g, ɫ]構成最小對立對。在正寫法中,通過在元音字母上添加揚抑符來區別:比如gâvur(異教徒)、mahkûm(譴責)、lâzım(必要的)。[1]
元音
[編輯]土耳其語的元音按照字母順序排列為:⟨a⟩、⟨e⟩、⟨ı⟩、⟨i⟩、⟨o⟩、⟨ö⟩、⟨u⟩與⟨ü⟩。在土耳其語中沒有雙元音,即使在一些外來詞中有兩個元音合在一起的現象,每個元音仍保留其各自的聲音。
前 | 後 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
不圓唇 | 圓唇 | 不圓唇 | 圓唇 | |
閉 | i | y | ɯ | u |
開 [note 1] | e | ø | a | o |
- /e, o, ø/實際上是中元音[e̞, o̞, ø̞]。[2][4]為了轉寫方便,在此省略了元音下方表示較低的符號。
- /a/可被轉寫為央元音[ä][2]或後元音[ɑ]。[5]為了簡單起見,本文使用無變音符號的⟨a⟩。/a/在語音學上是一個後元音, 因為它與諧音過程中的其他後元音以及相鄰輔音的交替(參見上文)。元音/e/扮演着/a/在前元音時的相似體。
- /i, y, ɯ, u, e, ø/(無/o, a/)於「短語尾的開音節」[2]或「字尾」[4]會降低成[ɪ, ʏ, ɯ̞, ʊ, ɛ, œ]。
音素 | IPA | 正寫法 | 意思 |
---|---|---|---|
/i/ | /ˈdil/ | dil | 舌頭 |
/y/ | /ɟyˈneʃ/ | güneş | 太陽 |
/ɯ/ | /ɯˈɫɯk/ | ılık | 溫暖的 |
/u/ | /uˈtʃak/ | uçak | 飛機 |
/e/ | /ˈses/ | ses | 聲音 |
/ø/ | /ˈɟøz/ | göz | 眼睛 |
/o/ | /ˈjoɫ/ | yol | 路 |
/a/ | /ˈdaɫ/ | dal | 分支 |
元音和諧律
[編輯]土耳其語元音和諧律 | 前 | 後 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
不圓唇 | 圓唇 | 不圓唇 | 圓唇 | |||||
元音 | e /e/ | i /i/ | ü /y/ | ö /ø/ | a /a/ | ı /ɯ/ | u /u/ | o /o/ |
雙重(簡易系統) | e | a | ||||||
四重(複雜系統) | i | ü | ı | u |
註釋
[編輯]參考資料
[編輯]- ^ Lewis (2001:3–4,6–7頁)
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155頁)
- ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:9–11頁)
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10–11頁)
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10頁)
- ^ 如Zimmer & Orgun (1999)
參考文獻
[編輯]- Halbout, Dominique; Güzey, Gönen. Parlons turc. Paris: L'Harmattan. 2001.
- Inkelas, Sharon. (1994). Exceptional stress-attracting suffixes in Turkish: Representations vs. the grammar.
- Inkelas, Sharon; & Orgun, Cemil Orhan. (2003). Turkish stress: A review. Phonology, 20 (1), 139-161.
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia, Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, 2005, ISBN 978-0415114943
- Kaisse, Ellen. (1985). Some theoretical consequences of stress rules in Turkish. In W. Eilfort, P. Kroeber et al. (Eds.), Papers from the general session of the Twenty-first regional meeting (pp. 199–209). Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
- Lees, Robert. (1961). The phonology of Modern Standard Turkish. Indiana University publications: Uralic and Altaic series (Vol. 6). Indiana University Publications.
- Lewis, Geoffrey. Teach Yourself Turkish. English Universities Press. 1953. ISBN 978-0-340-49231-4.
- Lewis, Geoffrey. (1967). Turkish grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Lewis, Geoffrey, Turkish Grammar, Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-19-870036-9
- Lightner, Theodore. (1978). The main stress rule in Turkish. In M. A. Jazayery, E. Polomé et al. (Eds.), Linguistic and literary studies in honor of Archibald Hill (Vol. 2, pp. 267–270). The Hague: Mouton.
- Petrova, Olga; Plapp, Rosemary; Ringen, Ringen; Szentgyörgyi, Szilárd, Voice and aspiration: Evidence from Russian, Hungarian, German, Swedish, and Turkish, The Linguistic Review, 2006, 23: 1–35, doi:10.1515/TLR.2006.001
- Sezer, Engin. (1981). On non-final stress in Turkish. Journal of Turkish Studies, 5, 61-69.
- Swift, Lloyd B. (1963). A reference grammar of Modern Turkish. Indiana University publications: Uralic and Altaic series (Vol. 19). Bloomington: Indiana University Publications.
- Underhill, Robert. (1976). Turkish grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan, Turkish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 154–158, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
延伸閲讀
[編輯]- Inkelas, Sharon. (1994). Exceptional stress-attracting suffixes in Turkish: Representations vs. the grammar.
- Kaisse, Ellen. (1985). Some theoretical consequences of stress rules in Turkish. In W. Eilfort, P. Kroeber et al. (Eds.), Papers from the general session of the Twenty-first regional meeting (pp. 199–209). Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
- Lees, Robert. (1961). The phonology of Modern Standard Turkish. Indiana University publications: Uralic and Altaic series (Vol. 6). Indiana University Publications.
- Lightner, Theodore. (1978). The main stress rule in Turkish. In M. A. Jazayery, E. Polomé et al. (Eds.), Linguistic and literary studies in honor of Archibald Hill (Vol. 2, pp. 267–270). The Hague: Mouton.
- Swift, Lloyd B. (1963). A reference grammar of Modern Turkish. Indiana University publications: Uralic and Altaic series (Vol. 19). Bloomington: Indiana University Publications.