土耳其语音系
外观
土耳其语音系(英语:Turkish language phonology)为土耳其语之音系,其显著特点是元音和谐律系统,如此导致元音在大多数的字词里要么为前元音,要么为后元音;要么为圆唇元音,要么为不圆唇元音。软腭塞音在前元音之前变为硬颚同位异音,在后元音之前变为软腭同位异音。
辅音
[编辑]唇音 | 齿音 | 齿龈音 | 齿龈后音 | 硬颚音 | 软腭音 | 声门音 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
鼻音 | m | n | ||||||||||||
塞音 | p | b | t | d | (c) | (ɟ) | k | ɡ | ||||||
塞擦音 | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ||||||||||||
擦音 | f | v | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | h | |||||||
近音 | (ɫ) | l | j | |||||||||||
闪音 | ɾ |
在土耳其语的原生字词中,在前元音/e, i, œ, y/所在的音节中,软腭辅音/k, ɡ/会颚音化为[c, ɟ](类如俄语的变化)。同样地,辅音/l/在前元音所在的音节中读为“清l”,即[l];在后元音/a, ɯ, o, u/所在的音节中读为“浊l”,即[ɫ]。这些互补的条件变体在土耳其语字母正写法中不加区分,都写成字母〈k, g, l〉。但在外来语借词和专有名词中,[c, ɟ, l]会出现在元音/a, u/之前,跟[k, g, ɫ]构成最小对立对。在正写法中,通过在元音字母上添加扬抑符来区别:比如gâvur(异教徒)、mahkûm(谴责)、lâzım(必要的)。[1]
元音
[编辑]土耳其语的元音按照字母顺序排列为:⟨a⟩、⟨e⟩、⟨ı⟩、⟨i⟩、⟨o⟩、⟨ö⟩、⟨u⟩与⟨ü⟩。在土耳其语中没有双元音,即使在一些外来词中有两个元音合在一起的现象,每个元音仍保留其各自的声音。
前 | 后 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
不圆唇 | 圆唇 | 不圆唇 | 圆唇 | |
闭 | i | y | ɯ | u |
开 [note 1] | e | ø | a | o |
- /e, o, ø/实际上是中元音[e̞, o̞, ø̞]。[2][4]为了转写方便,在此省略了元音下方表示较低的符号。
- /a/可被转写为央元音[ä][2]或后元音[ɑ]。[5]为了简单起见,本文使用无变音符号的⟨a⟩。/a/在语音学上是一个后元音, 因为它与谐音过程中的其他后元音以及相邻辅音的交替(参见上文)。元音/e/扮演着/a/在前元音时的相似体。
- /i, y, ɯ, u, e, ø/(无/o, a/)于“短语尾的开音节”[2]或“字尾”[4]会降低成[ɪ, ʏ, ɯ̞, ʊ, ɛ, œ]。
音素 | IPA | 正写法 | 意思 |
---|---|---|---|
/i/ | /ˈdil/ | dil | 舌头 |
/y/ | /ɟyˈneʃ/ | güneş | 太阳 |
/ɯ/ | /ɯˈɫɯk/ | ılık | 温暖的 |
/u/ | /uˈtʃak/ | uçak | 飞机 |
/e/ | /ˈses/ | ses | 声音 |
/ø/ | /ˈɟøz/ | göz | 眼睛 |
/o/ | /ˈjoɫ/ | yol | 路 |
/a/ | /ˈdaɫ/ | dal | 分支 |
元音和谐律
[编辑]土耳其语元音和谐律 | 前 | 后 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
不圆唇 | 圆唇 | 不圆唇 | 圆唇 | |||||
元音 | e /e/ | i /i/ | ü /y/ | ö /ø/ | a /a/ | ı /ɯ/ | u /u/ | o /o/ |
双重(简易系统) | e | a | ||||||
四重(复杂系统) | i | ü | ı | u |
注释
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Lewis (2001:3–4,6–7页)
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155页)
- ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:9–11页)
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10–11页)
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10页)
- ^ 如Zimmer & Orgun (1999)
参考文献
[编辑]- Halbout, Dominique; Güzey, Gönen. Parlons turc. Paris: L'Harmattan. 2001.
- Inkelas, Sharon. (1994). Exceptional stress-attracting suffixes in Turkish: Representations vs. the grammar.
- Inkelas, Sharon; & Orgun, Cemil Orhan. (2003). Turkish stress: A review. Phonology, 20 (1), 139-161.
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia, Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, 2005, ISBN 978-0415114943
- Kaisse, Ellen. (1985). Some theoretical consequences of stress rules in Turkish. In W. Eilfort, P. Kroeber et al. (Eds.), Papers from the general session of the Twenty-first regional meeting (pp. 199–209). Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
- Lees, Robert. (1961). The phonology of Modern Standard Turkish. Indiana University publications: Uralic and Altaic series (Vol. 6). Indiana University Publications.
- Lewis, Geoffrey. Teach Yourself Turkish. English Universities Press. 1953. ISBN 978-0-340-49231-4.
- Lewis, Geoffrey. (1967). Turkish grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Lewis, Geoffrey, Turkish Grammar, Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-19-870036-9
- Lightner, Theodore. (1978). The main stress rule in Turkish. In M. A. Jazayery, E. Polomé et al. (Eds.), Linguistic and literary studies in honor of Archibald Hill (Vol. 2, pp. 267–270). The Hague: Mouton.
- Petrova, Olga; Plapp, Rosemary; Ringen, Ringen; Szentgyörgyi, Szilárd, Voice and aspiration: Evidence from Russian, Hungarian, German, Swedish, and Turkish, The Linguistic Review, 2006, 23: 1–35, doi:10.1515/TLR.2006.001
- Sezer, Engin. (1981). On non-final stress in Turkish. Journal of Turkish Studies, 5, 61-69.
- Swift, Lloyd B. (1963). A reference grammar of Modern Turkish. Indiana University publications: Uralic and Altaic series (Vol. 19). Bloomington: Indiana University Publications.
- Underhill, Robert. (1976). Turkish grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan, Turkish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 154–158, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Inkelas, Sharon. (1994). Exceptional stress-attracting suffixes in Turkish: Representations vs. the grammar.
- Kaisse, Ellen. (1985). Some theoretical consequences of stress rules in Turkish. In W. Eilfort, P. Kroeber et al. (Eds.), Papers from the general session of the Twenty-first regional meeting (pp. 199–209). Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
- Lees, Robert. (1961). The phonology of Modern Standard Turkish. Indiana University publications: Uralic and Altaic series (Vol. 6). Indiana University Publications.
- Lightner, Theodore. (1978). The main stress rule in Turkish. In M. A. Jazayery, E. Polomé et al. (Eds.), Linguistic and literary studies in honor of Archibald Hill (Vol. 2, pp. 267–270). The Hague: Mouton.
- Swift, Lloyd B. (1963). A reference grammar of Modern Turkish. Indiana University publications: Uralic and Altaic series (Vol. 19). Bloomington: Indiana University Publications.