伊本·海什木

伊本·海什木
伊本·海什木
出生	(965-07-01)965年7月1日 (伊斯蘭曆354 年) 白益王朝巴士拉
逝世	1040年3月6日(1040歲—03—06)（74歲） (伊斯蘭曆430年) 法蒂瑪王朝開羅
居住地	巴士拉 開羅
民族	阿拉伯人
知名於	《光學之書》、《有關托勒密的疑點》、《世界的結構》、《運動模式》、《光論》、《地方論》等 科學方法、實驗科學、實驗物理學、實驗心理學、視知覺、解析幾何、天文學、天體力學
科學生涯
研究領域	物理學、數學、天文學
受影響自	亞里士多德、歐幾里得、托勒密、蓋倫、巴努·穆薩兄弟、薩比特·伊本·庫拉、肯迪、伊本·薩赫勒、阿布·薩赫勒·庫希
施影響於	奧馬爾·海亞姆、塔基丁·穆罕默德·伊本·馬魯夫、卡邁勒丁·法里西、伊本·魯世德、哈澤尼、約翰·佩卡姆、威特羅、羅吉爾·培根、約翰內斯·開普勒

阿布·阿里·哈桑·伊本·哈桑·伊本·海什木（阿拉伯語：محمد بن الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم أبو على البصري‎，羅馬化：Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham，965年—1040年），一般簡稱伊本·海什木（阿拉伯語：ابن الهيثم‎），是伊斯蘭黃金時代的中世紀數學家、天文學家和物理學家。歐洲人稱之為海桑（又譯哈金，拉丁語：Alhazen）。他有大量著作和被現代科學證明了的科學發現，尤其在光學研究方面有突出成就，被譽為「現代光學之父」。他最具影響力的著作是《光學書》（Kitāb al-Manāẓir，阿拉伯語：كتاب المناظر），該書寫於1011至1021年，現存有拉丁文版。海什木的作品在科學革命期間被艾薩克·牛頓、約翰內斯·開普勒、克里斯蒂安·惠更斯和伽利略等人頻繁引用。

伊本·海什木是首位正確解釋視覺理論的人，並提出視覺發生在大腦中，指出視覺是主觀的，受到個人經驗的影響。他還闡述了折射的最短時間原理，這一原理後來成為費馬原理。他在反射、折射以及光線形成的圖像性質的研究中，對鏡面光學和透鏡光學做出了重大貢獻。伊本·海什木還是早期支持假設必須通過可驗證的實驗或數學推理來支持的科學方法論的倡導者—他被認為是科學方法的先驅，比文藝復興時期的科學家早了五個世紀。他有時被稱為「世界上第一個真正的科學家」。他也是一位博學多才的學者，涉獵哲學、神學和醫學等領域。

生平

伊本·海什木出生於965年7月1日（伊斯蘭曆354年）在伊拉克的巴士拉城。被認為是在不同學科都有傑出的成績，如數學、天文學、醫學等等，他早期學習工程，讀希臘科學的書，和關於安達盧西亞學說的精華，接收並發展了這些學說。當時的埃及哈里發召集他參與控制尼羅河泛濫的工程，但是經過他的研究發現那是不可能實現的，從而招致哈里發非常憤怒。於是海什木就以裝瘋的方式避免了嚴重懲罰，轉而被軟禁，直到哈里發1021年死去。在此期間他完成了大量重要的數學論文。

科學成就

光學理論

古典時期流行着兩種關於視覺的主要理論。 第一個理論，即發射理論，得到了歐幾里得和托勒密等思想家的支持，他們認為視覺是通過眼睛發射光線來實現的。 第二種理論，即亞里士多德及其追隨者支持的引入理論，認為物理形式是從物體進入眼睛的。 以前的伊斯蘭作家（例如金迪）主要是根據歐幾里得學派、蓋倫學派或亞里士多德學派的觀點進行爭論。 對《光學之書》影響最大的是托勒密的《光學》，而對眼睛的解剖學和生理學的描述則基於蓋倫的敘述。伊本·海什木的成就是提出了一種理論，成功地將歐幾里得的數學射線論證、蓋倫的醫學傳統和亞里士多德的引入理論部分結合起來。 伊本·海什木的引入理論追隨了金迪（並與亞里士多德決裂），斷言「從每個有色物體的每個點，受到任何光的照射，都會沿着從該點畫出的每條直線發出光和顏色」。這給他留下了解釋如何從許多獨立的輻射源形成相干圖像的問題； 特別是物體的每個點都會向眼睛的每個點發送光線。

伊本·海什木需要的是物體上的每個點僅對應於眼睛上的一個點。他試圖通過斷言眼睛只會感知到來自物體的垂直光線來解決這個問題——對於眼睛上的任何一點，只有直接到達該點的光線才會被感知，而不會被眼睛的任何其他部分折射。 他用物理類比來論證，垂直光線比傾斜光線更強：就像直接扔向木板的球可能會打破木板，而傾斜地扔向木板的球會擦過一樣，垂直光線更強 與折射光線相比，眼睛只能看到垂直光線。 由於任意一點只有一條垂直光線進入眼睛，而所有這些光線都會以圓錐體的形式匯聚在眼睛的中心，這使得他解決了物體上的每個點向眼睛發出多條光線的問題。 如果只有垂直光線重要，那麼他就有了一對一的對應關係，並且可以解決混亂。他後來斷言（在《光學》第七冊中）其他光線會通過眼睛折射並被感知為垂直的。他關於垂直光線的論點並沒有清楚地解釋為什麼只能感知到垂直光線； 為什麼較弱的傾斜光線不會被感知得更弱？他後來關於折射光線將被感知為垂直的論點似乎沒有說服力。然而，儘管存在缺陷，但當時沒有其他理論如此全面，並且影響力巨大，特別是在西歐。 他的《光學之書》直接或間接地激發了13-17世紀光學領域的許多活動。 開普勒後來的視網膜圖像理論（解決了物體上的點與眼睛中的點的對應問題）直接建立在伊本·海什木的概念框架上。

伊本·海什木通過實驗證明光是沿直線傳播的，並用透鏡、鏡子、折射和反射進行了各種實驗。他對反射和折射的分析分別考慮了光線的垂直和水平分量。

伊本·海什木曾研究了視覺過程、眼睛的結構、眼睛中的圖像形成和視覺系統。 伊恩·P·霍華德 (Ian P. Howard) 在 1996 年發表的《感知》文章中指出，伊本·海什木的許多發現和理論都有助於西歐人在幾個世紀後撰寫的著作。 例如，他描述了 19 世紀的赫林平等神經支配定律。 他比阿吉洛尼烏斯早 600 年寫了一篇關於垂直雙眼視差的描述，實際上比阿吉洛尼烏斯的定義更接近現代定義，並且帕努姆在 1858 年重複了他關於雙眼視差的工作。克雷格·阿恩-斯托克代爾（Craig Aaen-Stockdale）雖然同意伊本·海什木在許多進步方面取得了進展，但也表達了一些謹慎的態度，特別是在將伊本·海什木與托勒密分開考慮時，伊本·海什木曾與托勒密非常熟悉。 伊本·海什木糾正了托勒密關於雙眼視覺的一個重大錯誤，但除此之外他的描述非常相似； 托勒密還試圖解釋現在所謂的赫林定律。總的來說，伊本·海什木曾建立並擴展了托勒密的光學。

流行文化

米哈遊發行的開放世界遊戲《原神》中的可操控人物艾爾海森以海什木作為原型。

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擴展閱讀

主要文獻

• Sabra, A. I., ed., The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. The Arabic text, edited and with Introduction, Arabic-Latin Glossaries and Concordance Tables, Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, 1983 
• Sabra, A. I., ed., The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Edition of the Arabic Text of Books IV-V: On Reflection and Images Seen by Reflection. 2 vols, Kuwait: The National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, 2002 
• Sabra, A. I., trans., The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. English Translation and Commentary. 2 vols, Studies of the Warburg Institute, vol. 40, London: The Warburg Institute, University of London, 1989, ISBN 0-85481-072-2, OCLC 165564751、65564771、180528350、180528355、180528359、21530166、230045836、24910015、59836570 
• Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans., 寫於Philadelphia, Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's De aspectibus, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir, 2 vols., Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society), 2001, 91 (4-5), ISBN 0-87169-914-1, OCLC 47168716 
• Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans., Alhacen on the Principles of Reflection: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of Books 4 and 5 of Alhacen's De Aspectibus, the Medieval Latin version of Ibn-al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir, 2 vols, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Soc.), 2006, 96 (2–3), ISBN 0-87169-962-1, OCLC 123464885、185359947、185359957、219328717、219328739、70078653 

其他文獻

• Graham, Mark. How Islam Created the Modern World. Amana Publications, 2006.
• Omar, Saleh Beshara, Ibn al-Haytham and Greek optics: a comparative study in scientific methodology, PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, June 1975 
• Saliba, George, Islamic Science and the Making of the European Reneissance, MIT Press, 2007, ISBN 0-262-19557-7 
• Belting, Hans, Afterthoughts on Alhazen’s Visual Theory and Its Presence in the Pictorial Theory of Western Perspective, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. [1]
• Siegfried Zielinski & Franziska Latell, How One Sees, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. [2]