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IBM 7090控制台

IBM 7090IBM 709英语IBM 709大型计算机的第二代电晶体计算机版本。设计目的是用于“大规模的科学与技术应用”。IBM 7090是IBM 700/7000 系列英语IBM 700/7000 series科学计算机的第四名成员。1959年12月,IBM 7090首次被安装。[1] 在1960年,一套系统的售价通常为$2,900,000(相当于2023年的$19818701 ),租金为$63,500每月(相当于2020年的$434,000)。

IBM 7090使用36位英语36-bit系统,且带有一个32,768的地址空间(15位地址)。它以2.18 μs的基本储存器周期运行, 且使用了来自IBM 7030英语IBM 7030(Stretch)项目的IBM 7302英语IBM 7302磁芯记忆体技术.

IBM 7090的处理速度约为100 FLOPS[2]比IBM 709快6倍,且租金较IBM709低一半。[3]作为IBM 7090的升级版,IBM 7094较IBM 7090的运行速度快两倍。在1969年7月14日,IBM 7090与IBM 7094都停止了销售,但其操作系统在这之后的十年中依然可以使用。[4][5]

IBM 7090使用了50,000多个锗合金晶体管英语alloy-junction transistor和(更快的)锗扩散节[6] 扩散基极晶体管英语drift-field transistor[7]

输入/输出

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IBM 7090 operator's console at the NASA 艾姆斯研究中心 in 1961, with two banks of IBM 729 magnetic tape drives. The card reader is in front of the man and woman at right.

The 7090 series features a data channel architecture for input and output, a forerunner of modern 直接记忆体存取 I/O. Up to eight data channels can be attached, with up to ten IBM 729英语IBM 729 tape drives attached to each channel. The data channels have their own very limited set of operations called commands. These are used with tape (and later, disk) storage as well as card units and printers, and offered high performance for the time. Printing and 打孔卡 I/O, however, employed the same modified unit record equipment英语unit record equipment introduced with the 704 and was slow. It became common to use a less expensive IBM 1401英语IBM 1401 computer to read cards onto 磁带 for transfer to the 7090/94. Output would be written onto tape and transferred to the 1401 for printing or card punching using its much faster peripherals, notably the IBM 1403英语IBM 1403 line printer.

Later IBM introduced the 7094/7044 Direct Coupled System; the 7044 handled 假脱机 between its fast 1400-series peripherals and 1301 or 1302 disk files, and used data channel to data channel communication as the 7094's interface to spooled data, with the 7094 primarily performing computations. There is also a 7090/7040 DCS.

Software

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The 7090 and 7094 machines were quite successful for their time, and had a wide variety of software provided for them by IBM. In addition, there was a very active user community within the user organization, SHARE英语SHARE (computing).

IBSYS英语IBM 7090/94 IBSYS is a "heavy duty" production operating system with numerous subsystem and language support options, among them Fortran, COBOL, SORT/MERGE, the MAP assembler, and others.

FMS, the Fortran Monitor System英语Fortran Monitor System, was a more lightweight but still very effective system optimized for batch FORTRAN and assembler programming. The assembler provided, FAP, (FORTRAN Assembly Program英语IBM 700/7000 series), was somewhat less complete than MAP, but provided excellent capabilities for the era. FMS also incorporated a considerably enhanced derivative of the FORTRAN compiler originally written for the 704 by Backus and his team.

Notable applications

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Dual 7090s at NASA during 水星计划.

影视作品中

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  • A 7090/1401 installation is featured in the motion picture 奇爱博士, with the 1403 printer英语IBM 1403 playing a pivotal role in the plot
  • An IBM 7090 is featured in the 2016 American biographical film 隐藏人物.
  • IBM 7094 specs are visible scrolling on a screen in the 1997 film 黑洞表面.

另见

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参考资料

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  1. ^ 7090 Data Processing System,IBM 表明“the first 7090 was installed in December, 1959”。
  2. ^ Bailey, David. Performance of future high-end computers. ResearchGate: 4. n.d. [April 16, 2022]. 
  3. ^ Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. IBM's 360 and early 370 systems需要免费注册. MIT Press. 1991: 36. ISBN 0-262-16123-0. 
  4. ^ 7090 Data Processing System. IBM. n.d. [April 16, 2022]. 
  5. ^ 7094 Data Processing System. IBM. n.d. [April 16, 2022]. 
  6. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为diffused的参考文献提供内容
  7. ^ 7090 Data Processing System
  8. ^ Singh, Jai P.; Morgan, Robert P. Educational Computer Utilization and Computer Communications (PDF) (报告). St. Louis, MO: Washington University: 13. October 1971 [March 8, 2022]. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant No. Y/NGL-26-008-054. Much of the early development in the time-sharing field took place on university campuses.8 Notable examples are the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) at MIT, which was the first general purpose time-sharing system... 
  9. ^ IBM 7094 Hardware Modifications for CTSS (RPQs). 麻省理工学院. n.d. [March 29, 2022]. 
  10. ^ The IBM 7094 and CTSS Also contains links to many original CTSS documents
  11. ^ Crisman, P.A. (编). The Compatible Time-Sharing System, A Programmer's Guide (PDF). The M.I.T Computation Center. December 31, 1969 [March 10, 2022]. 
  12. ^ Omaggio All. 
  13. ^ Riley, Christopher; Campbell, Dallas. The maths that made Voyager possible. 英国广播公司新闻. 23 October 2012. 
  14. ^ Morton, Peter. Fire Across the Desert: Woomera and the Anglo-Australian Joint Project 1946-1980. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. 1989. ISBN 0644475005. 
  15. ^ Morton, Peter. Fire across the Desert : Woomera and the Anglo-Australian Joint Project 1946-1980 (PDF Digitised 2017). Canberra: AGPS Press. 1989. ISBN 0-6481804-0-9. 
  16. ^ Shanks, D.; Wrench Jr., J. W. Calculation of π to 100,000 decimals. Mathematics of Computation (American Mathematical Society). 1962, 16 (77): 76–99. JSTOR 2003813. doi:10.2307/2003813. .
  17. ^ Mercer, R. J. Trace. Aerospace Orbit Determination Program. Defense Technical Information Center. 1964. 
  18. ^ Mathews, T. Jay. Operation Match. The Harvard Crimson. November 3, 1965 [July 22, 2020]. 
  19. ^ Roger N. Shepard. Circularity in Judgements of Relative Pitch (PDF). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. December 1964, 36 (12): 2346–53. Bibcode:1964ASAJ...36.2346S. doi:10.1121/1.1919362. 

延伸阅读

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外部链接

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纪录
前任者:
AN/FSQ-7英语AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central
大型计算机
1960
继任者:
UNIVAC LARC英语UNIVAC LARC