User:怜舟紙月/大肥蘑菇

*Agaricus bitorquis*
Agaricus bitorquis
查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板真菌形态特徵
	子實層上有菌褶
	蕈傘為凸面或平坦
	子實層自由下垂
	環狀蕈柄
	孢印褐色
	異養腐生真菌
	美味

怜舟紙月/大肥蘑菇
科学分类
界：	真菌界 Fungi
门：	担子菌门 Basidiomycota
纲：	傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes
目：	伞菌目 Agaricales
科：	伞菌科 Agaricaceae
属：	伞菌属 Agaricus
种：	怜舟紙月/大肥蘑菇 A. bitorquis
二名法
	Agaricus bitorquis; (Quél.) Sacc. (1887)

大肥蘑菇 (Agaricus bitorquis) 是蘑菇属的一种白色可食真菌，类似于市售的双孢蘑菇。其曾被命名为Agaricus rodmani 。

分类

种加词bitorquis 在拉丁语中意为“有两个项圈”，指的是菌幕从菌柄的顶部和底部分离而产生的两个菌环。该物种于1884年由法国真菌学家首次确定并命名为Psalliota bitorquis 。^[1]

描述

菌盖直径4-15厘米，干燥、光滑、无鳞片；初半球形，后扁半球形，顶部平或略凹，白色（老熟后变淡黄色），常沾有泥土。菌褶十分稠密，窄，离生；幼时浅粉色，孢子成熟后变暗红棕色。^[2]孢子印巧克力棕色。菌柄粗壮，长3-11 厘米，直径1–4 厘米，白色，光滑，圆柱形至棒球棍状，有膜质菌幕附着，近基部处有厚的白色菌丝包覆。菌环双层，上层漏斗状，较厚，下层裙状，较薄；此即其种加词“bitorquis”的来源。^[3] 菌肉结实，气味温和。

其相似种有：白鳞蘑菇，有咸味。^[4] 四孢蘑菇，菌环单个，易碎。 ^[5]

显微特征

担孢子椭圆形，光滑，尺寸5-7 x 4-5.5 微米。担子20-25 x 6.5-8.5 µm，通常具有四个孢子，但也常见二孢子担子。可见许多囊状体存在。

生长分布

大肥蘑菇可于夏秋季在花园中、路边或人行道上单生或散生，常见于冬天撒过除雪盐的地方。 ^[2]子实体可在地面下成熟，从而冲破沥青路面或挤开砖石缝隙长出。其分布于北美、^[6]欧洲与亚洲^[7]。

可食性

大肥蘑菇是一种受欢迎的食用菌，^[8]具有典型的“蘑菇”风味。由于其常位于地下，野外采集的标本可能含有砂砾。应当注意的是，该物种能够富集有毒重金属，尤其是铅。^[9]

营养分析表明，该物种含有18种氨基酸，包括所有必需氨基酸。^[10]

人工栽培

大肥蘑菇于1968年首次得到商业化栽培。^[11] 作为双孢蘑菇的替代品，大肥蘑菇对各种病毒性疾病的抵抗力更强，^[12] ^[13] ^[14]可以在较高的温度^[15]和CO₂浓度下生长，^[16]并且具有更好的抗擦伤能力。^[17]此外，经培育的耐高温菌株可以帮助栽培者克服夏季高温时栽培室的降温问题。^[18] ^[19]

另见

蘑菇属物种列表

参考文献

^ the Agaricus bitorquis page. Species Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. [2022-01-04].
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Sidewalk Mushroom: Identify via Pictures, Habitat, Season & Spore Print | Agaricus bitorquis. Sidewalk Mushroom, Agaricus bitorquis, Ediblewildfood.com. [21 June 2018]. 引用错误：带有name属性“auto”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
^ Knudsen (编). Funga Nordica Agaricoid, boletoid, clavarioid, cyphelloid and gasteroid genera. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. 2018: 603. ISBN 978-87-983961-3-0.
^ Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2012: 222–223. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
^ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. 2006: 279. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
^ David Arora. Mushrooms Demystified. Ten Speed Press. 1986: 321. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
^ Asef M.R. Field guide of Mushrooms of Iran. Tehran: Iran-Shanasi Press. 2020: 360. ISBN 9786008351429.
^ Phillips, Roger. Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. 2010: 220. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
^ Cocchia, L., Vescovia, L., Petrinid, L.E, Petrini, O. (2006). Heavy metals in edible mushrooms in Italy. Food Chem. 98(2):277-84.
^ Zakhary, J.W., Abo-Bakr, T., El-Mahdy, A.R., El-Tabey, S.A.M. (1983). Chemical composition of wild mushrooms collected from Alexandria Egypt. Food Chem. 11(1):31-42.
^ Fritsche, G. (1975). Welche Möglichkeiten eröffnet der viersporige Champignon "Agaricus bitorquis (Quél.) Sacc."" dem Züchter? [What potentialities does 4-spored mushroom Agaricus bitorquis (Quel) Sacc. offer to breeders?] Theoretical and Applied Genetics 47(3):125–31.
^ Dieleman-van Zaayen A. (1972). Spread, prevention and control of mushroom virus disease. Mushroom Sci. 8:131-54.
^ Vedder, P.J.C. (1975). Practical experiences with Agaricus bitorquis. The Mushroom J. 32:262-9.
^ Van-Zaayen, A. (1976). Immunity of strains, of Agaricus bitorquis to mushroom virus disease. The Mushroom J. 47:360–3.
^ Hasselbach O.E., Mutsers, P. (1971). Agaricus bitorquis (Quel.) Sacc. ein wärmeliebendes familienmitglied der Champignons. Champignon. 130:20–6.
^ Steane, G.R. (1980). The case for growing Agaricus bitorquis. The Mushroom J. 96:435-8.
^ Vedder, P.J.C. (1978). "Cultivation". In the Biology and Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms, pp. 377–92. Eds: Chang, S.T, Hayes, W.A. Academic Press: New York, San Francisco.
^ Guler, P., Ergene, A., Tan, S. Production of high temperature-resistant strains of Agaricus bitorquis. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5(8):615-9.
^ Sharma, S.S., Doshi, A. (2001). High temperature tolerant button mushroom (Agaricus bitorquis) and its strains suitable under Rajasthan conditions. J Mycol Plant Pathol. 31(2):256–7.

外部链接

[[Category:北美洲真菌]] [[Category:欧洲真菌]] [[Category:食用菌]] [[Category:伞菌属]]

[SF-1] the Agaricus bitorquis page. Species Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. [2022-01-04].

[auto-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Sidewalk Mushroom: Identify via Pictures, Habitat, Season & Spore Print | Agaricus bitorquis. Sidewalk Mushroom, Agaricus bitorquis, Ediblewildfood.com. [21 June 2018]. 引用错误：带有name属性“auto”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次

[FungaNordica-3] Knudsen (编). Funga Nordica Agaricoid, boletoid, clavarioid, cyphelloid and gasteroid genera. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. 2018: 603. ISBN 978-87-983961-3-0.

[4] Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2012: 222–223. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.

[Miller_2006-5] Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. 2006: 279. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.

[Arora2nd-6] David Arora. Mushrooms Demystified. Ten Speed Press. 1986: 321. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.

[Asef_2020-7] Asef M.R. Field guide of Mushrooms of Iran. Tehran: Iran-Shanasi Press. 2020: 360. ISBN 9786008351429.

[8] Phillips, Roger. Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. 2010: 220. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.

[9] Cocchia, L., Vescovia, L., Petrinid, L.E, Petrini, O. (2006). Heavy metals in edible mushrooms in Italy. Food Chem. 98(2):277-84.

[10] Zakhary, J.W., Abo-Bakr, T., El-Mahdy, A.R., El-Tabey, S.A.M. (1983). Chemical composition of wild mushrooms collected from Alexandria Egypt. Food Chem. 11(1):31-42.

[11] Fritsche, G. (1975). Welche Möglichkeiten eröffnet der viersporige Champignon "Agaricus bitorquis (Quél.) Sacc."" dem Züchter? [What potentialities does 4-spored mushroom Agaricus bitorquis (Quel) Sacc. offer to breeders?] Theoretical and Applied Genetics 47(3):125–31.

[12] Dieleman-van Zaayen A. (1972). Spread, prevention and control of mushroom virus disease. Mushroom Sci. 8:131-54.

[13] Vedder, P.J.C. (1975). Practical experiences with Agaricus bitorquis. The Mushroom J. 32:262-9.

[14] Van-Zaayen, A. (1976). Immunity of strains, of Agaricus bitorquis to mushroom virus disease. The Mushroom J. 47:360–3.

[15] Hasselbach O.E., Mutsers, P. (1971). Agaricus bitorquis (Quel.) Sacc. ein wärmeliebendes familienmitglied der Champignons. Champignon. 130:20–6.

[16] Steane, G.R. (1980). The case for growing Agaricus bitorquis. The Mushroom J. 96:435-8.

[17] Vedder, P.J.C. (1978). "Cultivation". In the Biology and Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms, pp. 377–92. Eds: Chang, S.T, Hayes, W.A. Academic Press: New York, San Francisco.

[18] Guler, P., Ergene, A., Tan, S. Production of high temperature-resistant strains of Agaricus bitorquis. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5(8):615-9.

[19] Sharma, S.S., Doshi, A. (2001). High temperature tolerant button mushroom (Agaricus bitorquis) and its strains suitable under Rajasthan conditions. J Mycol Plant Pathol. 31(2):256–7.

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