1948年以色列-阿拉伯戰爭

1948年以色列-阿拉伯戰爭是第一次以阿戰爭的第二階段和最後階段，發生於1948年5月15日至1949年3月10日。

背景

自1917年《貝爾福宣言》和1920年巴勒斯坦託管地成立以來，阿拉伯人和猶太人之間，以及阿拉伯人和猶太人與英國軍隊之間一直瀰漫著緊張氣氛且衝突不斷。英國的政策讓阿拉伯人和猶太人都不滿意。阿拉伯人對英國人的不滿造成了1936-1939年巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人起事，而猶太人的不滿則導致1944-1947年巴勒斯坦猶太人起事發生。1947年11月29日，一個計劃將巴勒斯坦分為一個阿拉伯人國家和一個猶太人國家的《聯合國大會第181號決議》通過後，各方之間的緊張局勢演變成1947-1948年巴勒斯坦託管地內戰。1947年11月30日，阿拉伯人對兩輛載有猶太人的公共汽車發動伏擊，此次伏擊是第一次以阿戰爭中首次出現傷亡事故^[1]。

戰爭

1948年5月14日午夜，英國對巴勒斯坦的委任統治結束，而在當天早些時候，以色列發表了《以色列獨立宣言》。5月15日上午，埃及、外約旦、敘利亞和伊拉克組建的遠征軍進入巴勒斯坦託管地領土^[2]。遠征軍控制了巴勒斯坦的阿拉伯人地區，並襲擊了以色列軍隊和幾個猶太人定居點^[3]^[4]。1947-1948年巴勒斯坦託管地內戰轉變為以色列與阿拉伯國家之間的衝突。此後10個月的戰鬥主要發生在巴勒斯坦託管地和西奈半島以及黎巴嫩南部，中間有幾個休戰期^[5]。

結果和影響

戰爭的結果是，以色列國控制了《聯合國大會第181號決議》劃定的的猶太人國家領土以及《聯合國大會第181號決議》劃定的阿拉伯人國家的近60%的領土，包括雅法、盧德、拉姆拉、加利利以及內蓋夫部分地區、特拉維夫-耶路撒冷公路沿線的一條寬闊地帶、西耶路撒冷和約旦河西岸的部分領土^[6]。外約旦控制了巴勒斯坦託管地的剩餘部分並將其吞併，埃及軍隊控制了加薩走廊。在1948年12月1日的耶利哥會議上，2,000名巴勒斯坦代表呼籲將巴勒斯坦和外約旦統一，以此作為實現阿拉伯全面統一的一步^[7]。

1948年以色列-阿拉伯戰爭引發了整個中東地區人口結構的重大變化。大約有70萬巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人逃離或被驅逐出巴勒斯坦，這些人成為了巴勒斯坦難民。在戰後的三年裡，約有70萬猶太人移居以色列^[8]。在戰爭期間和戰後不久，約有26萬猶太人從阿拉伯世界移居以色列^[9]。

參考文獻

^ Benny Morris. 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. Yale University Press. 2008: 76 [2021-01-24]. ISBN 978-0300145243. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-18）.
^ David Tal, War in Palestine, 1948: Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy, p. 153.
^ Benny Morris (2008), p. 401.
^ Zeev Maoz, Defending the Holy Land, University of Michigan Press, 2009 p. 4: 'A combined invasion of a Jordanian and Egyptian army started ... The Syrian and the Lebanese armies engaged in a token effort but did not stage a major attack on the Jewish state.'
^ Rogan and Shlaim 2007 p. 99.
^ Cragg 1997 pp. 57, 116.
^ Benvenisti, Meron (1996), City of Stone: The Hidden History of Jerusalem, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-20521-9. p. 27
^ Morris, 2001, pp. 259–60.
^ Fischbach, Michael R. Jewish Property Claims Against Arab Countries. Columbia University Press, 2008, p.27

戰爭參與方

Dunkelman, Ben (1976) Dual Allegiance: An Autobiography. Macmillan Company of Canada, Toronto. ISBN 978-0-7705-1429-7
Joseph, Dov. The Faithful City: The Siege of Jerusalem, 1948. Simon and Schuster. 1960. LCCN 60-10976. OCLC 266413.
Kagan, Benjamin (1966) The Secret Battle for Israel. World Publishing, Cleveland.
LCCN 66-24991
Lorch, Netanel (1961) The Edge of the Sword: Israel's War of Independence, 1947–1949. New York, London: G. P. Putnam's Sons
LCCN 61-8345

其他來源

Adrian, Nathan (2004). Britain, Israel and Anglo-Jewry 1949–57. Routledge
Aloni, Shlomo (2001). Arab-Israeli Air Wars 1947–82. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-294-4
Beckman, Morris (1999). The Jewish Brigade: An Army With Two Masters, 1944–45. Sarpedon Publishers. ISBN 978-1-86227-423-5
Beker, A. The Forgotten Narrative: Jewish Refugees From Arab Countries. Jewish Political Studies Review. 2005, 17 (3/4): 3–19. JSTOR 25834637.
Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2006). Scars of War, Wounds of Peace: The Israeli-Arab Tragedy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518158-6
Benvenisti, Meron (2002). Sacred Landscape. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23422-2
Bercuson, David (1983). The Secret Army. Stein and Day, New York. ISBN 978-0-8128-2984-6
Bickerton, Ian and Hill, Maria (2003). Contested Spaces: The Arab-Israeli Conflict. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-471217-7
Black, Ian (1992). Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3286-4
Bowyer Bell, John (1996). Terror Out of Zion: The Fight For Israeli Independence. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56000-870-5
Bregman, Ahron (2002). Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28716-6
Cragg, Kenneth. Palestine. The Prize and Price of Zion. Cassel, 1997. ISBN 978-0-304-70075-2
Van Creveld, Martin (2004). Moshe Dayan. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84669-7
Collins, Larry and Lapierre, Dominique (1973). O Jerusalem!, Pan Books. ISBN 978-0-330-23514-3
El-Nawawy, Mohammed (2002), The Israeli-Egyptian Peace Process in the Reporting of Western Journalists, Ablex/Greenwood, ISBN 978-1-56750-544-3
Flapan, Simha (1987), The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities, Pantheon Books, New York.
Geddes, Charles L. (1991). A Documentary History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-93858-1
Gelber, Yoav (1997). Jewish-Transjordanian Relations 1921–48: Alliance of Bars Sinister. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4675-6
Gelber, Yoav (2004). Israeli-Jordanian Dialogue, 1948–1953: Cooperation, Conspiracy, or Collusion?. Sussex Academic Press.
Gelber, Yoav (2004) "Independence Versus Nakba"; Kinneret Zmora-Bitan Dvir Publishing, ISBN 978-965-517-190-7
Gelber, Yoav (2006). Palestine 1948. War, Escape and the Emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84519-075-0
Gershoni, Haim (1989). Israel: The Way it was. Associated University Presses.
Gilbert, Martin (1998). Israel: A History 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期27 October 2022.. Black Swan. ISBN 978-0-552-99545-0
Gilbert, Martin (1976). The Arab-Israeli Conflict: Its History in Maps Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-77241-5
Gold, Dore (2007), The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, the West, and the Future of the Holy City, Regnery Publishing, ISBN 978-1-59698-029-7
Israel Foreign Ministry, Foreign Ministry of the Russian Federation, Israel State Archives, Russian Federal Archives, Cummings Center for Russian Studies Tel Aviv University, Oriental Institute (2000). Documents on Israeli Soviet Relations, 1941–53. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4843-9
Kaniuk, Yoram (2001). Commander of the Exodus. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3808-8
Karsh, Efraim, The Arab-Israeli Conflict. The Palestine War 1948, Osprey, 2002, ISBN 978-1-84176-372-9
Fischbach, Michael R. 'Land'. In Philip Mattar (ed.) Encyclopedia of the Palestinians, Infobase Publishing. 2005. pp. 291–298
Heller, Joseph. The Birth of Israel, 1945–1949: Ben-Gurion and His Critics, University Press of Florida, 2001
Katz, Sam (1988). Israeli Units Since 1948. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85045-837-4
Khalaf, Issa Politics in Palestine: Arab Factionalism and Social Disintegration, 1939–1948. SUNY Press, 1991
Khalidi, Rashid (2001). "The Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure." In Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim (eds.). The War for Palestine (pp. 12–36). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79476-3
Khalidi, Rashid (2006). The Iron Cage:The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-0309-1
Khalidi, Walid (1987). From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948. Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 978-0-88728-155-6
Khalidi, Walid (ed.) (1992). All that remains. Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 978-0-88728-224-9
Krämer, Gudrun, A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel, Princeton UP 2011.
Krammer, Arnold. (1974). The Forgotten Friendship: Israel and the Soviet Bloc 1947–53. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. ISBN 978-0-252-00396-7
Kurzman, Dan. Genesis 1948 – the first Arab-Israeli war. New York: New American Library. 1970. LCCN 77-96925.
Landis, Joshua. "Syria and the Palestine War: fighting King 'Abdullah's 'Greater Syria plan.'" Rogan and Shlaim. The War for Palestine. 178–205.
Levenberg, Haim (1993). Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-3439-5
Levin, Harry. Jerusalem Embattled – A Diary of the City under Siege. Cassels, 1997. ISBN 978-0-304-33765-1
Lockman, Zachary. Comrades and Enemies: Arab and Jewish Workers in Palestine, 1906–1948. University of California Press, 1996
Makdisi Saree, Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation, W.W. Norton & Company 2010
Masalha, Nur (1992). Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of 'Transfer' in Zionist Political Thought, 1882–1948, Institute for Palestine Studies, ISBN 978-0-88728-235-5
Morris, Benny (1988), The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949, Cambridge Middle East Library
Morris, Benny (1994), 1948 and after; Israel and the Palestinians
Morris, Benny (2001). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-74475-7
Morris, Benny (2004), The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, ISBN 978-0-521-81120-0
Morris, Benny (2008), 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War, Yale University Press, New Haven, ISBN 978-0-300-12696-9
Oring, Elliott (1981). Israeli Humor – The Content: The Content and Structure of the Chizbat of the Palmah. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-512-6
Pappe, Ilan (2006), The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, Oneworld Publications, Oxford, England, ISBN 978-1-85168-467-0
Pollack, Kenneth Michael. Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 2004 [19 May 2020]. ISBN 978-0-8032-0686-1. （原始內容存檔於20 March 2023）.
Reiter, Yitzhak, "National Minority, Regional Majority: Palestinian Arabs Versus Jews in Israel" (Syracuse Studies on Peace and Conflict Resolution), (2009) Syracuse Univ Press (Sd). ISBN 978-0-8156-3230-6
Rogan, Eugene L. and Avi Shlaim, eds. The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001
Rogan, Eugene L. and Avi Shlaim, eds. The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2007
Rogan, Eugene L. "Jordan and 1948: the persistence of an official history." Rogan and Shlaim. The War for Palestine. pp. 104–124
Sadeh, Eligar (1997). Militarization and State Power in the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Case Study of Israel, 1948–1982. Universal Publishers. ISBN 978-0-9658564-6-1
Sachar, Howard M. (1979). A History of Israel, New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-76563-9
Sayigh, Yezid (2000). Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-829643-0
Sela, Avraham. "Abdallah Ibn Hussein." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 13–14.
Shapira, Anita (1992). Land and Power: Zionist Resort to Force, 1881–1948. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506104-8
Sheleg, Yair (2001). "A Short History of Terror" Haaretz.
Shlaim, Avi (2001). "Israel and the Arab Coalition." In Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim (eds.). The War for Palestine (pp. 79–103). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79476-3
Slater, Leonard (1970). The Pledge. Simon and Schuster, New York.
LCCN 79--10188
Stearns, Peter N. Citation from The Encyclopedia of World History 6th ed., Peter N. Stearns (general editor), 2001 Houghton Mifflin Company, at Bartleby.com.
Tripp, Charles. "Iraq and the 1948 War: mirror of Iraq's disorder." in Rogan and Shlaim. The War for Palestine. pp. 125–150.
Zertal, Idith (2005). Israel's Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85096-4

[Morris48-1] Benny Morris. 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. Yale University Press. 2008: 76 [2021-01-24]. ISBN 978-0300145243. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-18）.

[2] David Tal, War in Palestine, 1948: Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy, p. 153.

[3] Benny Morris (2008), p. 401.

[4] Zeev Maoz, Defending the Holy Land, University of Michigan Press, 2009 p. 4: 'A combined invasion of a Jordanian and Egyptian army started ... The Syrian and the Lebanese armies engaged in a token effort but did not stage a major attack on the Jewish state.'

[5] Rogan and Shlaim 2007 p. 99.

[6] Cragg 1997 pp. 57, 116.

[7] Benvenisti, Meron (1996), City of Stone: The Hidden History of Jerusalem, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-20521-9. p. 27

[BennyMorris-8] Morris, 2001, pp. 259–60.

[9] Fischbach, Michael R. Jewish Property Claims Against Arab Countries. Columbia University Press, 2008, p.27

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]