迦太基必須毀滅

迦太基必須毀滅（拉丁語：Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam 或 Ceterum autem censeo Carthaginem esse delendam^{[註 1]}。中文直譯：還有，我認爲迦太基必須被毀滅。）是一句拉丁語名言，源於在羅馬和迦太基之間的第三次布匿戰爭（公元前149-146年）之前羅馬政治家老加圖在羅馬元老院進行的辯論發言。據說，老加圖在所有推動戰爭的演講中都以這個短語作為結束語。

語法分析

該短語使用了delenda，即動詞dēlēre（「to destroy」）的陰性單數動名詞形式。^[1]動名詞（或將來被動分詞）delenda是一個動詞性形容詞，可以翻譯為「將被摧毀」。此句中它與動詞esse（「to be」）的第三人稱單數現在時形式est搭配，表示強迫或必然的含義，即「必須（一定）將被摧毀。^[2]動名詞delenda在這個結構中起著表語形容詞的作用，稱為被動迂說法。

該短語的簡稱Carthago delenda est是一個獨立的從句。陰性單數名詞迦太基以主格充當主語。Est是動詞esse的第三人稱單數現在時主動態直陳式形式；其人稱（第三人稱）和數（單數）由主語名詞決定，作為主系表結構中的系動詞，將道義情態引入整個從句。^[3]因為delenda是一個修飾主語名詞Carthago的表語（謂語形容詞），所以它與Carthago保持數字（單數）、性（陰性）、格（主格）的一致。^[4]

更完整的形式是Ceterum Ceneo delendam esse Carthaginem和Ceterum autem Ceneo delendam esse Carthaginem使用所謂的賓格和不定式結構作為間接陳述。在每一種形式中，動詞censeo（「I opine」）建立了間接陳述delendam esse Carthaginem（「即迦太基將被摧毀」）。^[5]間接陳述的主體迦太基語處於賓格；動詞esse是現在不定式。Delendam是一個謂語形容詞，與主語名詞Carthaginem有關，因此採用相同的數字（單數）；性別（女性）；格（賓格）為迦太基語。^[6]

背景

儘管羅馬在前兩次布匿戰爭中取得了勝利，^[7]在與北非航海的布匿城邦迦太基（現在的突尼斯）爭奪霸主地位時，羅馬在這些交戰過程中遭受了許多羞辱和破壞性的挫折，特別是在公元前216年的坎尼會戰中。儘管如此，羅馬還是在公元前201年成功地贏得了第二次布匿戰爭。戰敗後，迦太基不再是羅馬的威脅，而是淪為一小塊領土，相當於現在的突尼斯東北部。

然而，老加圖在公元前152年作為一名元老院使節團的成員訪問了迦太基，該使節團是被派去仲裁迦太基和努米底亞國王馬西尼薩之間的衝突。老加圖是第二次布匿戰爭的老兵，他對迦太基恢復的財富感到震驚，認為這對羅馬是危險的。在此之後，他一直要求無情地摧毀它，並用這句話結束了他在院內的所有演講，即使討論話題不在迦太基本身。^[8]但元老院不是所有人認同他，尤其是普布利烏斯·科內利烏斯·西皮奧·納西卡·科庫倫（英語：Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum），他是大西庇阿的女婿，也是最有影響力的元老之一。納西卡反對羅馬控制範圍的過度擴張，並認為對共同敵人的恐懼是控制人民的必要條件。^[9]和老加圖一樣，他在所有演講的結尾都用了一句話：「迦太基必須被保存」。^[10]^[11]^[12]

但在迦太基攻擊馬西尼薩後，老加圖最終贏得了這場辯論。馬西尼薩給了羅馬一個理由，因為公元前201年的和平條約阻止迦太基在未經羅馬同意的情況下宣戰。^[13]^[14]公元前146年，迦太基被大西庇阿的孫子小西庇阿夷為平地，剩下的全部人口被賣為奴隸。迦太基隨後成為羅馬的一個行省。另外當時羅馬軍隊向城市撒鹽的說法是19世紀才出現的。^[15]^[16]^[17]

文學史料

嬗變

參見

注釋

^ 古羅馬時代的拉丁文沒有小寫字母。

參考書目

古代來源

Aurelius Victor, De viris illustribus Romae.
Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica ("Historical Library").
Florus, Epitome.
Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Naturalis historia ("Natural History").
Plutarch, Parallel Lives.

現代來源

F. E. Adcock, "'Delenda est Carthago'", in The Cambridge Historical Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1946), pp. 117–128.
Alan E. Astin, Cato the Censor, Oxford University Press, 1978.
John F. Miller & A. F. Woodman (editors), Latin Historiography and Poetry in the Early Empire, Leiden/Boston, Brill, 2010.
Ellen O'Gorman, "Cato the elder and the destruction of Carthage （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）", in Helios 31 (2004), pp. 96–123.
Little, Charles E. 「The Authenticity and Form of Cato’s Saying 『Carthago Delenda Est.』」 The Classical Journal, vol. 29, no. 6 (1934), pp. 429–35.

Purcell, Nicholas. On the Sacking of Carthage and Corinth. Innes, Doreen; Hine, Harry; Pelling, Christopher (編). Ethics and Rhetoric: Classical Essays for Donald Russell on his Seventy Fifth Birthday. Oxford: Clarendon. 1995: 133–148. ISBN 978-0-19-814962-0.
Ridley, Ronald. To Be Taken with a Pinch of Salt: The Destruction of Carthage. Classical Philology. 1986, 81 (2): 140–146. JSTOR 269786. S2CID 161696751. doi:10.1086/366973.

Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A. Carthage. The New American Cyclopædia: a Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge 4. New York: D. Appleton: 497. 1858–1863 [29 July 2020]. OCLC 1173144180.
Silvia Thürlemann, "Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam", Gymnasium 81 (1974), pp. 465–476.
Ursula Vogel-Weidemann, "Carthago delenda est: Aita and Prophasis", in Acta Classica XXXII (1989), pp. 79–95.
Gordon, Gregory S. Atrocity Speech Law: Foundation, Fragmentation, Fruition. Oxford University Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-19-061270-2 （英語）.

參考文獻

^ Cassell's Latin Dictionary, ed. Marchant & Charles.
^ Betts, Gavin, Teach Yourself Latin, Sevenoaks, 1992, p.125, ISBN 978-0340867037
^ To be clear, the semantic import of "Carthage is to be destroyed" is not "Carthage is scheduled for future destruction," but rather that "Carthage must be destroyed." The former is a flaccid recital of a future eventuality; the latter is a normative statement of what needs to happen, of moral desert. That is the deontic modality. See, e.g., Risselada, Rodie. Imperatives and Other Directive Expressions in Latin: A Study in the Pragmatics of a Dead Language. Brill Academic Publishers, 1993. p. 179. Print. (noting that the periphrastic gerundival construction "has a general deontic value.")
^ Allen, J. H., Greenough, J. B., et al. Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, PART FIRST — WORDS AND FORMS, ADJECTIVES. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Perseus Digital Library. Web. 13 Feb. 2016. (noting that "[adjectives] agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.")
^ Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, Part Second — Syntax, Indirect Discourse （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Perseus Digital Library; accessed 13 Feb. 2016. (noting that "Verbs . . . of knowing, thinking, telling, and perceiving, govern the Indirect Discourse.")
^ Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, Part First — Words and Forms, Adjectives. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Perseus Digital Library, accessed 13 Feb. 2016.
^ Third Punic War. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2019-10-13]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-02）（英語）.
^ Astin, Cato, pp. 267–288.
^ Diodorus, xxxiv–xxxv. 33.
^ Florus, Epitome, i. 31 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.
^ O'Gorman, "Cato the Elder", p. 111.
^ John Jacobs, "From Sallust to Silius Italicus, Metvs Hostilis and the Fall of Rome in the Punica", in Miller & Woodman (eds.), Latin Historiography, p. 123.
^ Adcock, "Delenda est Carthago", pp. 125, 126.
^ Vogel-Weidemann, "Carthago delenda est", p. 87.
^ Ridley 1986，第144–145頁.
^ Ripley & Dana 1858–1863，第497頁.
^ Purcell 1995，第140頁.

[1] 古羅馬時代的拉丁文沒有小寫字母。

[2] Cassell's Latin Dictionary, ed. Marchant & Charles.

[3] Betts, Gavin, Teach Yourself Latin, Sevenoaks, 1992, p.125, ISBN 978-0340867037

[4] To be clear, the semantic import of "Carthage is to be destroyed" is not "Carthage is scheduled for future destruction," but rather that "Carthage must be destroyed." The former is a flaccid recital of a future eventuality; the latter is a normative statement of what needs to happen, of moral desert. That is the deontic modality. See, e.g., Risselada, Rodie. Imperatives and Other Directive Expressions in Latin: A Study in the Pragmatics of a Dead Language. Brill Academic Publishers, 1993. p. 179. Print. (noting that the periphrastic gerundival construction "has a general deontic value.")

[5] Allen, J. H., Greenough, J. B., et al. Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, PART FIRST — WORDS AND FORMS, ADJECTIVES. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Perseus Digital Library. Web. 13 Feb. 2016. (noting that "[adjectives] agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.")

[6] Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, Part Second — Syntax, Indirect Discourse （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Perseus Digital Library; accessed 13 Feb. 2016. (noting that "Verbs . . . of knowing, thinking, telling, and perceiving, govern the Indirect Discourse.")

[7] Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, Part First — Words and Forms, Adjectives. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Perseus Digital Library, accessed 13 Feb. 2016.

[8] Third Punic War. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2019-10-13]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-02）（英語）.

[9] Astin, Cato, pp. 267–288.

[10] Diodorus, xxxiv–xxxv. 33.

[Florus-11] Florus, Epitome, i. 31 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.

[12] O'Gorman, "Cato the Elder", p. 111.

[13] John Jacobs, "From Sallust to Silius Italicus, Metvs Hostilis and the Fall of Rome in the Punica", in Miller & Woodman (eds.), Latin Historiography, p. 123.

[14] Adcock, "Delenda est Carthago", pp. 125, 126.

[15] Vogel-Weidemann, "Carthago delenda est", p. 87.

[FOOTNOTERidley1986144–145-16] Ridley 1986，第144–145頁.

[FOOTNOTERipleyDana1858–1863497-17] Ripley & Dana 1858–1863，第497頁.

[FOOTNOTEPurcell1995140-18] Purcell 1995，第140頁.

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