紅頭潛鴨

紅頭潛鴨
	雄鳥，攝於俄羅斯莫斯科
保護狀況
	; 易危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	鳥綱 Aves
目：	雁形目 Anseriformes
科：	鴨科 Anatidae
屬：	潛鴨屬 Aythya
種：	紅頭潛鴨 A. ferina
二名法
	Aythya ferina; (Linnaeus, 1758)
	Range of A. ferina 繁殖區留鳥非繁殖區
異名
	Anas ferina Linnaeus, 1758

紅頭潛鴨（學名：Aythya ferina），又名磯鳧、磯雁，為潛鴨屬鳥類，雄鳥有棗紅色頭部與黑色的前胸和臀部，而雌鳥則大體為褐色。其廣泛分布於古北界，多棲息於濕地、沼澤、湖泊以及流速緩慢的河流中，主要以沉水植物為食。該鳥一窩可生下8—10枚卵，巢穴為墊有植物的土坑。目前紅頭潛鴨因棲息地破壞、噪音污染以及人類狩獵等原因而逐年下降。

物種命名

瑞典博物學家卡爾·林奈在他的著作自然系統中首次命名紅頭潛鴨，彼時該鳥學名為Anas ferina，後被移動至潛鴨屬。紅頭潛鴨的屬名「Aythya」源自古希臘語αιθυια，意指某種海鳥，而種小名「ferina」源自拉丁語ferinus，含義是「野獸」^[2]。

外貌描述

雄性紅頭潛鴨在繁殖季頭部為棗紅色，瞳孔為紅色，前胸、喙與臀部為黑色，上顎中心為銀色，身體為灰色並有蟲蝕狀條紋。其發翔羽全部為銀灰色，其中初級與次級飛羽末端呈黑色，而翅膀內側則是白色。雌性紅頭潛鴨頭部與鳥喙為暗褐色，眼後有一條淡灰色條紋，身體整體為棕灰色，翅膀相較於雄性更偏棕色。繁殖季外的雄性外貌與雌性相似，但前胸顏色明顯較深，眼後也無條紋。亞成鳥外貌亦類似於雌鳥，但顏色更為斑駁和黯淡^[2]。

物種分布

紅頭潛鴨廣泛分布於古北界^[3]。其繁殖範圍主要包括英國、斯堪地那維亞、德國北部、波羅的海三國、俄羅斯以及哈薩克，尤其常見於哈薩克草原的濕地，至冬季則前往各低緯度地區越冬，最南可抵衣索比亞與肯亞^[2]。

生態與習性

棲息地

紅頭潛鴨偏好靜水棲息地，如湖泊、沼澤或是流速緩慢的河流，亦會出沒於魚塘等人造棲息地。該鳥尤其偏好植被充足且遠離人煙的水域^[4]^[5]。紅頭潛鴨偶爾也會棲息於半鹹水水域或是河口灣中^[2]。

食性

紅頭潛鴨主要以沉水植物為食，包括輪藻、眼子菜、狐尾藻和金魚藻^[2]，但偶爾也會取食貝類^[6]、劃蝽^[7]、搖蚊和石蛾^[8]、兩棲類以及小魚^[2]。該鳥潛水覓食，下潛深度為1—2.5公尺^[2]。此外，該鳥還會尾隨小天鵝，取食後者游泳時帶至水面附近水生植物^[9]。

生命周期

紅頭潛鴨一般在3月或4月初離開越冬地，期間飛行速度極快，可在2—3日內飛行上千公里^[10]。其多在4—5月開始繁殖。該鳥為一夫一妻制物種，但雄鳥會在雌鳥產下卵1—2周後離開^[2]。其巢穴為一般為墊有植物的土坑，周圍可能有其他同類或是鳳頭潛鴨以及紅嘴鷗的巢穴^[11]。紅頭潛鴨一般一窩產下8—10枚卵，蛋殼呈灰綠色，其卵需約25日孵化。雛鳥上半身覆蓋有棕色絨毛，下半身則為黃色。親鳥會在雛鳥約50日齡時離開，彼時雛鳥已具有飛行能力^[2]。

該鳥常進行種內巢寄生行為，有研究指出近九成的紅頭潛鴨巢中有非親生的雛鳥。此外，紅頭潛鴨與鳳頭潛鴨、赤嘴潛鴨和綠頭鴨互為巢寄生宿主，即其會將部分卵產入彼此的鳥巢中^[12]。因此，紅頭潛鴨巢中可能會出現多達22枚卵。然而，如巢中有太多非親生的卵，親鳥可能會直接棄巢^[13]。根據繫放記錄，紅頭潛鴨的壽命至少為22歲^[2]。

紅頭潛鴨有與綠頭鴨、赤嘴潛鴨、鳳頭潛鴨、白眼潛鴨和青頭潛鴨雜交的記錄^[2]。

鳴叫

雄性成年紅頭潛鴨鮮少鳴叫，僅偶爾會在求偶時發出微弱的口哨聲，而雌鳥則會被驅趕時發出輕柔的「咳」聲，而雛鳥則會用短促的叫聲進行交流^[14]。

族群保育

紅頭潛鴨的族群正在衰退，其主要面臨的威脅是棲息地破壞，如該鳥在20世紀中葉尚在聶伯河流域有相當規模的族群，但因濕地乾涸和污染已經相當少見^[4]。此外，建築施工所帶來的噪音污染亦會干擾紅頭潛鴨的覓食^[15]，而歐洲許多國家尚有狩獵此鳥的傳統^[1]。因此，其全球大部分族群均呈下降趨勢，部分歐洲族群比起21世紀初下降了40%左右，IUCN將其評為「易危」^[1]。

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 BirdLife International. Common Pochard: Aythya ferina. IUCN紅色名錄. 2019, 2019: e.T22680358A155473754. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22680358A155473754.en .
^ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 Carboneras, C; Kirwan, G.W; Sharpe, C.J. Common Pochard. Bird of the World. Cornell Lab of Orithology.
^ Tian，X; Gao, X; Zhang, L; Zhou, S; Zhang, Z; Ding, J; Sun, G; Yang, X; Zhang, H. Chromosome-level genome provides insights into evolution and diving adaptability in the vulnerable common pochard (Aythya ferina). BMC Genomics. 2024, 25: 1–10.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Ponomarenko, O; Banik, M; Zhukov, O. Assessing Habitat Suitability for the Common Pochard, Aythya Ferina (Anseriformes, Anatidae) at Different Spatial Scales in Orel’ River Valley, Ukraine. Ekológia Bratislava. 2021, 48 (2): 154–162.
^ Fox, A.D; Balsby, T.J.S; Jørgensen, H.E; Lauridsen, T.L; Jeppesen, E; Søndergaard, M; Fugl, K; Myssen, P; Clausen, P. Effects of lake restoration on breeding abundance of globally declining common pochard (Aythya ferina L.). Hydrobiologia. 2010, 830 (1): 33–44.
^ Sekiya, Y; Hiratsuka, J; Yamamuro, M; Oka, N; Abe, M. Diet selectivity and shift of wintering common pochards and tufted ducks in a eutrophic coastal lagoon. Journal of Marine Systems. 2000, 26: 233–238.
^ Olney, P.J.S. The food and feeding-habits of the pochard Aythya ferina. Biological Conservation. 1068, 1: 71–76.
^ Philips, V.E. Pochard Aythya ferina use of chironomid-rich feeding habitat in winter. Bird Study. 1991, 38: 118–122.
^ Gyimesi, A; van Lith, B; Nolet, B.A. Commensal Foraging with Bewick's Swans Cygnus bewickii Doubles Instantaneous Intake Rate of Common Pochards Aythya ferina. Ardea. 2012, 100 (1): 55–62.
^ Hofer, J; Korner-Nievergelt, F; Korner-Nievergel, P; Kestenholz, M; Jenni, L. Herkunft und Zugverhalten von in der Schweiz überwinternden oder durchziehenden Tafelenten Aythya ferina. Der Ornithologische Beobachter. 2006, 103 (2): 65–86.
^ Väänänen, V. Predation Risk Associated with Nesting in Gull Colonies by Two Aythya Species: Observations and an Experimental Test. Journal of Avian Biology: 31–35.
^ Šťovíček, O; Kreisinger, J; Javůrková, V; Albrecht, T. High rates of conspecific brood parasitism revealed by microsatellite analysis in a diving duck, the common pochard Aythya ferina. Journal of Avian Biology: 369–375.
^ Dugger, Bruce D. & Blums, Peter. Effect of Conspecific Brood Parasitism on Host Fitness for Tufted Duck and Common Pochard. The Auk. July 2001, 118 (3): 717–726. JSTOR 4089933. doi:10.1093/auk/118.3.717 .
^ Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary. Wildfowl: An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World. London, UK: Christopher Helm. 1988: 247-248. ISBN 0-7470-2201-1.
^ Marsden, S.J. Impact of Disturbance on Waterfowl Wintering in a UK Dockland Redevelopment Area. Environmental Managemen. 2000, 26 (2): 207–213.

外部連結

[iucn-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 BirdLife International. Common Pochard: Aythya ferina. IUCN紅色名錄. 2019, 2019: e.T22680358A155473754. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22680358A155473754.en .

[bow-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 Carboneras, C; Kirwan, G.W; Sharpe, C.J. Common Pochard. Bird of the World. Cornell Lab of Orithology.

[3] Tian，X; Gao, X; Zhang, L; Zhou, S; Zhang, Z; Ding, J; Sun, G; Yang, X; Zhang, H. Chromosome-level genome provides insights into evolution and diving adaptability in the vulnerable common pochard (Aythya ferina). BMC Genomics. 2024, 25: 1–10.

[pono-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Ponomarenko, O; Banik, M; Zhukov, O. Assessing Habitat Suitability for the Common Pochard, Aythya Ferina (Anseriformes, Anatidae) at Different Spatial Scales in Orel’ River Valley, Ukraine. Ekológia Bratislava. 2021, 48 (2): 154–162.

[5] Fox, A.D; Balsby, T.J.S; Jørgensen, H.E; Lauridsen, T.L; Jeppesen, E; Søndergaard, M; Fugl, K; Myssen, P; Clausen, P. Effects of lake restoration on breeding abundance of globally declining common pochard (Aythya ferina L.). Hydrobiologia. 2010, 830 (1): 33–44.

[6] Sekiya, Y; Hiratsuka, J; Yamamuro, M; Oka, N; Abe, M. Diet selectivity and shift of wintering common pochards and tufted ducks in a eutrophic coastal lagoon. Journal of Marine Systems. 2000, 26: 233–238.

[7] Olney, P.J.S. The food and feeding-habits of the pochard Aythya ferina. Biological Conservation. 1068, 1: 71–76.

[8] Philips, V.E. Pochard Aythya ferina use of chironomid-rich feeding habitat in winter. Bird Study. 1991, 38: 118–122.

[9] Gyimesi, A; van Lith, B; Nolet, B.A. Commensal Foraging with Bewick's Swans Cygnus bewickii Doubles Instantaneous Intake Rate of Common Pochards Aythya ferina. Ardea. 2012, 100 (1): 55–62.

[10] Hofer, J; Korner-Nievergelt, F; Korner-Nievergel, P; Kestenholz, M; Jenni, L. Herkunft und Zugverhalten von in der Schweiz überwinternden oder durchziehenden Tafelenten Aythya ferina. Der Ornithologische Beobachter. 2006, 103 (2): 65–86.

[11] Väänänen, V. Predation Risk Associated with Nesting in Gull Colonies by Two Aythya Species: Observations and an Experimental Test. Journal of Avian Biology: 31–35.

[12] Šťovíček, O; Kreisinger, J; Javůrková, V; Albrecht, T. High rates of conspecific brood parasitism revealed by microsatellite analysis in a diving duck, the common pochard Aythya ferina. Journal of Avian Biology: 369–375.

[13] Dugger, Bruce D. & Blums, Peter. Effect of Conspecific Brood Parasitism on Host Fitness for Tufted Duck and Common Pochard. The Auk. July 2001, 118 (3): 717–726. JSTOR 4089933. doi:10.1093/auk/118.3.717 .

[14] Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary. Wildfowl: An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World. London, UK: Christopher Helm. 1988: 247-248. ISBN 0-7470-2201-1.

[15] Marsden, S.J. Impact of Disturbance on Waterfowl Wintering in a UK Dockland Redevelopment Area. Environmental Managemen. 2000, 26 (2): 207–213.

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