粉紅浪潮
.svg)
.svg)
第一幅（左）是2011年的拉丁美洲地圖、第二幅（中）是2018年的拉丁美洲地圖，第三幅（右）是2024年的拉丁美洲地圖，紅色為聖保羅論壇成員執政的國家，藍色為非聖保羅論壇成員執政的國家
粉紅浪潮（西班牙語：marea rosa ，葡萄牙語：onda rosa ，法語：marée rose ）又稱粉紅潮或向左轉（西班牙語：giro a la izquierda ，葡萄牙語：virada à esquerda ，法語：tournant à gauche）是21世紀拉丁美洲出現的一股政治浪潮，此時拉丁美洲出現了許多左翼政府。 [1][2][3][4][5][6]很多拉美左翼執政黨也是聖保羅論壇的成員。 [7]
許多拉美左翼國家拒絕華盛頓共識 [8] ，而一些拉美左翼政府，如阿根廷、巴西和委內瑞拉左翼執政時期的政府[9] ，或多或少都有點反美 [10][11][12] ，而且比較傾向民粹主義[13][14][15]以及權威主義[14] ，特別是2010年代的尼加拉瓜和委內瑞拉，這種特徵尤為明顯，不過其他左翼政府執政的國家依然是民主國家[16] 。
20世紀90年代末到21世紀初，拉美爆發了第一波粉紅浪潮 [17][18]，2010年代末到2020年代初，拉美爆發了第二波粉紅浪潮。 [19]
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Lopes, Dawisson Belém; de Faria, Carlos Aurélio Pimenta. When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America. Contexto Internacional (Literature review) (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro). January–April 2016, 38 (1): 11–53. doi:10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001
. No matter the shades of pink in the Latin American 'pink tide', and recalling that political change was not the norm for the whole region during that period, there seems to be greater agreement when it comes to explaining its emergence. In terms of this canonical interpretation, the left turn should be understood as a feature of general redemocratisation in the region, which is widely regarded as an inevitable result of the high levels of inequality in the region.
- ^ Abbott, Jared. Will the Pink Tide Lift All Boats? Latin American Socialisms and Their Discontents. Democratic Socialists of America. [5 April 2017]. （原始內容存檔於6 April 2017）.
- ^ Oikonomakis, Leonidas. Europe's pink tide? Heeding the Latin American experience. The Press Project. 16 March 2015 [5 April 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2017-04-06）.
- ^ McLean, Ian; McMillan, Allistair. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics 3rd. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2009 [14 June 2022]. ISBN 9780199207800. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-20）.
- ^ COHA Statement on the Ongoing Stress in Venezuela. （原始內容存檔於2008-11-20）.
- ^ Fernandes Pimenta, Gabriel; Casas V M Arantes, Pedro. Rethinking Integration in Latin America: The "Pink Tide" and the Post-Neoliberal Regionalism (PDF). FLACSO. 2014 [28 December 2017]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-12-28）.
In general, one must say that these governments have as defining common feature ample and generous social inclusion policies that link effectively for social investments that certainly had an impact on regional social indicators (LIMA apud SILVA, 2010a). In this sense, so far, all of these countries had positive improvements. As a result, it was observed the reduction in social inequality, as well as the reduction of poverty and other social problems (SILVA, 2010a)
- ^ Gómez, Paz. The São Paulo Forum's Modus Operandi. impunityobserver.com. June 23, 2020 [October 5, 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-05）.
- ^ South America's leftward sweep. BBC News. 2 March 2005 [30 October 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2022-12-28）.
- ^ Lopes, Arthur. ¿Viva la Contrarrevolución? South America's Left Begins to Wave Goodbye. Harvard International Review. Spring 2016, 37 (3): 12–14.
South America, a historical bastion of populism, has always had a penchant for the left, but the continent's predilection for unsustainable welfarism might be approaching a dramatic end. ... This 'pink tide' also included the rise of populist ideologies in some of these countries, such as Kirchnerismo in Argentina, Chavismo in Venezuela, and Lulopetismo in Brazil.
- ^ Gross, Neil. The many stripes of anti-Americanism. The Boston Globe. January 14, 2007 [30 October 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）.
- ^ da Cruz, Jose de Arimateia. Strategic Insights: From Ideology to Geopolitics: Russian Interests in Latin America. Current Politics and Economics of Russia, Eastern and Central Europe (Nova Science Publishers). 2015, 30 (1/2): 175–185.
- ^ Lopes, Dawisson Belém; de Faria, Carlos Aurélio Pimenta. When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America. Contexto Internacional (Literature review) (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro). January–April 2016, 38 (1): 11–53. doi:10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001 .
... one finds as many local left-leaning governments as there are countries making up the so-called left turn, because they emerged from distinct institutional settings ... espoused distinct degrees of anti-Americanism ...
- ^ Lopes, Dawisson Belém; de Faria, Carlos Aurélio Pimenta. When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America. Contexto Internacional (Literature review) (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro). Jan–Apr 2016, 38 (1): 11–53. doi:10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001 .
The wrong left, by contrast, was said to be populist, old-fashioned, and irresponsible ...
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Isbester, Katherine. The Paradox of Democracy in Latin America: Ten Country Studies of Division and Resilience. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2011: xiii. ISBN 978-1442601802.
... the populous of Latin America are voting in the Pink Tide governments that struggle with reform while being prone to populism and authoritarianism.
- ^ Latin America's 'pragmatic' pink tide. Pittsburgh Tribune-Herald. 16 May 2016. （原始內容存檔於16 May 2016）.
- ^ Lopes, Dawisson Belém; de Faria, Carlos Aurélio Pimenta. When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America. Contexto Internacional (Literature review) (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro). January–April 2016, 38 (1): 11–53. doi:10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001 .
However, these analytical and taxonomic efforts often led to new dichotomies ... democrats and authoritarians ...
- ^ Moraes, Juan A.; Luján, Diego. The Electoral Success of the Left in Latin America: Is There Any Room for Spatial Models of Voting?. Latin American Research Review. 2020, 55 (4): 691. S2CID 233392799. doi:10.25222/larr.466 .
- ^ Schmidt, Samantha; Sheridan, Mary Beth. Do recent elections indicate a shift in Latin American politics? Post correspondents answered your questions. The Washington Post. December 6, 2021 [December 29, 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-07）.
- ^ Aquino, Marco. Another pink tide? Latin America's left galvanized by rising star in Peru. Reuters. 2021-06-21 [2021-12-21]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-29） （英語）.
