白眉鶲

白眉鶲
	成年雄鳥
	成年雌鳥 (蒙古)
保護狀況
	; 無危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	鳥綱 Aves
目：	雀形目 Passeriformes
科：	鶲科 Muscicapidae
屬：	姬鶲屬 Ficedula
種：	白眉鶲 F. zanthopygia
二名法
	Ficedula zanthopygia; (Hay)
	藍色為繁殖區
異名
	Xanthopygia tricolor (Hartlaub, 1845); Muscicapa zanthopygia Hay, 1845

白眉鶲（學名：Ficedula zanthopygia）又名白眉姬鶲，為鶲科姬鶲屬的鳥類。在中國大陸，分布於華北和華南等地。該物種的模式產地在馬來西亞。^[2]該物種外形非常獨特，幾乎沒有與其相似的鳥類，唯一的例外是黃眉黃鶲。

描述

雄鳥（右）與雌鳥（左）均有黃色尾羽

雄鳥：體小(13厘米)的黃、白及黑色的鶲。腰、喉、胸及上腹黃色，下腹、尾下覆羽白色，其餘黑色，僅眉線及翼斑白色。雌鳥：上體暗褐，下體色較淡，腰暗黃。雄鳥白色眉紋和黑色背部及雌鳥的黃色腰各有別於黃眉[姬]鶲的雄雌兩性。虹膜－褐色；嘴－黑色；腳－黑色。

叫聲

深喘息聲tr-r-r-rt，較紅頭姬鶲音低。

識別

所有羽色階段的黃臀都非常明顯。雄鳥的白色眉紋使其與黃眉黃鶲和中華藍仙鶲區別開來。雌鳥與第一年的雄鳥背部為橄欖灰色，尾巴呈黑色。^[3]恩斯特·哈特特（1910年）將該物種歸為narcissina群的一員。^[4]^[5] 有些具有黃色眉紋的個體被認為是與黃眉黃鶲的雜交種。^[6] 在這個物種複合群中，艾莉斯鶲（"Elise's flycatcher" 通常被視為黃眉鶲的亞種）也包括在內。綠背姬鶲（elisae）和白眉鶲（ zanthopygia）曾被觀察到在北京附近的橡樹林中分別繁殖，進一步證實了它們的獨特性。^[7] 這兩者之間的鳴聲聲和形態也有明顯差異。^[8]^[9]

鶲屬（Muscicapa）曾被認為是多系群，目前仍在進行解析，^[10] 而姬鶲屬（Ficedula）如今被視為單系群，起源於東亞，並在上新世氣候變遷後分化。^[11]^[12] 雄鳥上半身為黑色，具有白色眉紋和翅膀斑紋，腹部和臀部呈亮黃色。雌鳥背部為灰色或橄欖綠色，下半身較淺，具有翅膀條紋和黃色臀部，喉部可能呈黃色。^[13]

生態

Ficedula tricolor

	Ficedula narcissina

	Ficedula zanthopygia

Ficedula mugimaki

Ficedula crypta

	Ficedula timorensis

	Ficedula harterti

	Ficedula dumetoria

	Ficedula platenae

與其他物種的關係

該物種的繁殖地區位於滿洲、韓國和中國。牠們主要在5月至6月於小興安嶺地區築巢，繁殖地主要位於山腳低谷地區。每對鳥的領域範圍約為2000-5000平方米。巢由雌鳥單獨在三到四天內構成。巢卵數量為4-7枚，孵化工作由雌鳥單獨進行，持續約11-12天。成鳥會在巢周圍約70公尺（230英尺）範圍內覓食來餵養幼鳥。幼鳥在14-15天後羽翼豐滿。^[14]^[15] 自1989年首次在印度中部記錄到該物種越冬，後來發現其也在印度西南部和斯里蘭卡越冬。^[16]^[17]

一種寄生在白眉鶲身上的羽蟎Proterothrix megacaula，首次在中國被發現並描述。^[18]

分布範圍

白眉鶲主要繁殖於東亞地區，包括蒙古、外貝加爾、華南、韓國和日本西部，冬季則遷徙至中國南方、東南亞、大巽他群島、馬來半島和南亞的部分地區。

分布狀況

繁殖於中國東北、華中、華東及北緯29°以北地帶。遷徙經中國南方。甚常見，高可至海拔1000米。

習性

喜灌叢及近水林地。

俗名

花頭黃、黃鶲、三色鶲、鴨蛋黃。^[19]

^[20]

參考文獻

^ Ficedula zanthopygia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [26 November 2013].
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 中國科學院動物研究所. 白眉姬鶲. 《中國動物物種編目資料庫》. 中國科學院微生物研究所. [2009-04-04]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-05）.
^ Rasmussen, PC & JC Anderton. Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. 2005: 375.
^ Hartert, E. Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna. 1. Friedlander und Sohn, Berlin. 1910: 490.
^ Dekker, R.W.R.J.; E.C. Dickinson & Hiroyuki Morioka. Systematic notes on Asian birds. 18. Some nomenclatural issues relating to Japanese taxa described in the Planches Coloriées (1820-1839) and Fauna Japonica, Aves (1844-1850). (PDF). Zool. Verh. Leiden. 2001, 335: 99–214.
^ McCarthy, Eugene M. Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World.. Oxford University Press US. 2006: 242. ISBN 0-19-518323-1.
^ Weigold, H. Muscicapa elisae n. sp.. Falco. 1922, 18 (1): 1–2.
^ Zhang, Y.-Y.; N. Wang; J. Zhang & G.-M. Zheng. Acoustic difference of narcissus flycatcher complex.. Acta Zool. Sinica. 2006, 52 (4): 648–654.
^ Töpfer, T. Systematic notes on Asian birds. 60. Remarks on the systematic position of Ficedula elisae (Weigold, 1922). Zool. Med. Leiden. 2006, 80–5 (12): 203–212.
^ Lei Xin; Lian Zhen-Min; Lei Fu-Min; Yin Zuo-Hua; Zhao Hong-Feng. Phylogeny of some Muscicapinae birds based on cyt b mitochondrial gene sequences (PDF). Acta Zoologica Sinica. 2007, 53 (1): 95.
^ Outlaw DC, Voelker G. Systematics of Ficedula flycatchers (Muscicapidae): a molecular reassessment of a taxonomic enigma. (PDF). Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2006, 41 (1): 118–26. PMID 16797192. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.004.
^ Outlaw DC, Voelker G. Pliocene climatic change in insular Southeast Asia as an engine of diversification in Ficedula flycatchers.. Journal of Biogeography. 2008, 35 (4): 739. Bibcode:2008JBiog..35..739O. S2CID 44229873. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01821.x.
^ Woo-Shin Lee, Tae-Hoe Koo, Jin-Young Park (2005). A field guide to the birds of Korea. p. 248. ISBN 978-8995141533.
^ Liu, Y; Wang, J. Studies on the Breeding Behaviour of the Tricolar Flycatcher. Acta Zool. Sin. 1981, 27 (3): 287–291.
^ Wang, N; Yanyun Zhang & Guangmei Zheng. Home ranges and habitat vegetation characters in breeding season of Narcissus Flycatcher and Yellow-rumped Flycatcher. Frontiers of Biology in China. 2007, 2 (3): 345–350. S2CID 36869931. doi:10.1007/s11515-007-0051-1.
^ Haribal, Meena. Yellow-rumped Flycatcher M. zanthopygia: a new addition to the avifauna of the Indian subcontinent.. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1992, 88 (3): 456–458.
^ Holt, Paul I. Yellow-rumped flycatcher Ficedula zanthopygia in Kerala.. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 2003, 100 (1): 145.
^ Mironov, S. V.; W. Diao; Y. Zhang; C. Zhang & Zh. Yan. A new feather mite species of the genus Proterothrix Gaud (Astigmatea, Proctophyllodidae) from Ficedula zanthopygia (Hay) (Passeriformes: Muscicapidae) in China.. Acarina. 2008, 16 (1): 31–38.
^ Ramsay., MacKinnon, John; Fen-qi., He,. Zhongguo niao lei ye wai shou ce. 中国鸟类野外手册 Di 1 ban. Changsha Shi: Hunan jiao yu chu ban she. 2000. ISBN 9787535532244. OCLC 48267025.
^ 馬敬能, 約翰; 菲利普斯; 何芬奇. 中国鸟类野外手册. 長沙: 湖南教育出版社. 2000: 282. ISBN 978-7-5355-3224-4.

[1] Ficedula zanthopygia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [26 November 2013].

[id3836-2] 2.0 ^2.1 中國科學院動物研究所. 白眉姬鶲. 《中國動物物種編目資料庫》. 中國科學院微生物研究所. [2009-04-04]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-05）.

[3] Rasmussen, PC & JC Anderton. Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. 2005: 375.

[4] Hartert, E. Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna. 1. Friedlander und Sohn, Berlin. 1910: 490.

[5] Dekker, R.W.R.J.; E.C. Dickinson & Hiroyuki Morioka. Systematic notes on Asian birds. 18. Some nomenclatural issues relating to Japanese taxa described in the Planches Coloriées (1820-1839) and Fauna Japonica, Aves (1844-1850). (PDF). Zool. Verh. Leiden. 2001, 335: 99–214.

[6] McCarthy, Eugene M. Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World.. Oxford University Press US. 2006: 242. ISBN 0-19-518323-1.

[7] Weigold, H. Muscicapa elisae n. sp.. Falco. 1922, 18 (1): 1–2.

[8] Zhang, Y.-Y.; N. Wang; J. Zhang & G.-M. Zheng. Acoustic difference of narcissus flycatcher complex.. Acta Zool. Sinica. 2006, 52 (4): 648–654.

[9] Töpfer, T. Systematic notes on Asian birds. 60. Remarks on the systematic position of Ficedula elisae (Weigold, 1922). Zool. Med. Leiden. 2006, 80–5 (12): 203–212.

[10] Lei Xin; Lian Zhen-Min; Lei Fu-Min; Yin Zuo-Hua; Zhao Hong-Feng. Phylogeny of some Muscicapinae birds based on cyt b mitochondrial gene sequences (PDF). Acta Zoologica Sinica. 2007, 53 (1): 95.

[11] Outlaw DC, Voelker G. Systematics of Ficedula flycatchers (Muscicapidae): a molecular reassessment of a taxonomic enigma. (PDF). Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2006, 41 (1): 118–26. PMID 16797192. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.004.

[12] Outlaw DC, Voelker G. Pliocene climatic change in insular Southeast Asia as an engine of diversification in Ficedula flycatchers.. Journal of Biogeography. 2008, 35 (4): 739. Bibcode:2008JBiog..35..739O. S2CID 44229873. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01821.x.

[13] Woo-Shin Lee, Tae-Hoe Koo, Jin-Young Park (2005). A field guide to the birds of Korea. p. 248. ISBN 978-8995141533.

[14] Liu, Y; Wang, J. Studies on the Breeding Behaviour of the Tricolar Flycatcher. Acta Zool. Sin. 1981, 27 (3): 287–291.

[15] Wang, N; Yanyun Zhang & Guangmei Zheng. Home ranges and habitat vegetation characters in breeding season of Narcissus Flycatcher and Yellow-rumped Flycatcher. Frontiers of Biology in China. 2007, 2 (3): 345–350. S2CID 36869931. doi:10.1007/s11515-007-0051-1.

[16] Haribal, Meena. Yellow-rumped Flycatcher M. zanthopygia: a new addition to the avifauna of the Indian subcontinent.. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1992, 88 (3): 456–458.

[17] Holt, Paul I. Yellow-rumped flycatcher Ficedula zanthopygia in Kerala.. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 2003, 100 (1): 145.

[18] Mironov, S. V.; W. Diao; Y. Zhang; C. Zhang & Zh. Yan. A new feather mite species of the genus Proterothrix Gaud (Astigmatea, Proctophyllodidae) from Ficedula zanthopygia (Hay) (Passeriformes: Muscicapidae) in China.. Acarina. 2008, 16 (1): 31–38.

[19] Ramsay., MacKinnon, John; Fen-qi., He,. Zhongguo niao lei ye wai shou ce. 中国鸟类野外手册 Di 1 ban. Changsha Shi: Hunan jiao yu chu ban she. 2000. ISBN 9787535532244. OCLC 48267025.

[20] 馬敬能, 約翰; 菲利普斯; 何芬奇. 中国鸟类野外手册. 長沙: 湖南教育出版社. 2000: 282. ISBN 978-7-5355-3224-4.

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