跳至內容

永援聖母

維基百科，自由的百科全書
永援聖母
Our Mother of Perpetual Succour
Nostra Mater de Perpetuo Succursu
地點義大利羅馬埃斯奎利諾山
日期1325—1480
類型克里特畫派（英語：Cretan School）圖標、天主之母
聖座批准庇護九世
聖壇利古里的聖阿爾方斯教堂（英語：Sant'Alfonso di Liguori）
贊助• Redemptorist Order（英語：Redemptorist Order）
• Haiti
• 阿爾莫拉迪 , 西班牙 ;
• 天主教甲萬那端教區, 菲律賓; 天主教利茲教區

永援聖母（拉丁語：Nostra Mater de Perpetuo Succursu；英語：Our Mother of Perpetual Help、Our Lady of Perpetual Help[a]；1325—1480）是天主教會對聖母瑪利亞的稱號。據稱與15世紀拜占庭藝術和聖母顯現有關。

據信，該聖像畫起源於Keras Kardiotissas修道院（英語：Keras Kardiotissas Monastery），自1499年至今，一直供奉在羅馬利古里的聖阿爾方斯教堂（英語：Sant'Alfonso di Liguori），每週都會九日敬禮（英語：Novena）給永援聖母（英語：Novena to Our Mother of Perpetual Help）。

庇護九世於1866年5月5日授予宗座加冕禮（英語：Canonical Coronation）及其官方正式頭銜Nostra Mater de Perpetuo Succursu。君士坦丁堡的拉丁族長紅衣主教Ruggero Luigi Emidio Antici Mattei（英語：Ruggero Luigi Emidio Antici Mattei）於1867年6月23日主持加冕禮。

至聖救贖者會（英語：Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer）擔任聖像的保管人。

已隱藏部分未翻譯內容，歡迎參與翻譯。

The image is sometimes known as 「Virgin of the Passion of Jesus Christ」 in the Eastern Orthodox religion.

Novena devotions are held before June 27 every year. Under 庇護十二世's Pontificate, the image was designated as the national 供養人 of the 海地 and of Almoradí, in the 巴倫西亞自治區, 西班牙.

Due to promotion by the Redemptorist Priests since 1865, the image has become very popular among Roman Catholics. Modern reproductions are oftentimes displayed in residential homes, commercial establishments, and public transportation.

Description

[編輯]
Detail of the icon, showing the 米迦勒.
Close-up of the Archangel Gabriel.

The original wooden icon is suspended on the altar, measures 17" × 21" inches, and is written on hard nut wood with a gold leaf background.[1] The image depicts the following symbols:

Template:RC-Mariology Byzantine depictions of the Blessed Virgin Mary in art have three stars, one star each on the shoulder and one on the forehead. This type of icon is called Hodegetria（英語：Hodegetria）, where Mary is pointing to her Son, known as a Theotokos of the Passion.[3]

Mary is depicted with a long slender nose, thin lips, and smoothly arched eyebrows, evidence of being made by a Greek artist. The veil and her face itself are rounded, indicating holiness. The size of the mother is also out of proportion to her son, a deliberate intent by the artist to show Mary as larger than life.

The Greek inscriptions read MP-ΘΥ (Μήτηρ Θεοῦ, Mother of God), ΟΑΜ (Ὁ Ἀρχάγγελος Μιχαήλ, Michael the Archangel), ΟΑΓ (Ὁ Ἀρχάγγελος Γαβριήλ, Gabriel the Archangel) and IC-XC（英語：Christogram） (Ἰησοῦς Χριστός, Jesus Christ), respectively.

The icon has a gold ground（英語：gold ground） on a walnut panel, believed to be from Crete.[4] The Cretan School（英語：Cretan School） was the source of the many icons imported into Europe from the late Middle Ages through the Renaissance. The gold background represents the Kingdom of God.[5] The round halo surrounding the Virgin Mary's head as well as details on the robes were created through Estofado（英語：Estofado）, which is an artistic effect created by scraping the paint to reveal the gold background, additional effects are achieved by chasing designs on the gold. The icon was cleaned and restored once in 1866 and again in the year 1940.

Origin and discovery

[編輯]
The facade of its current temple in Via Merulana, Rome.

According to the Keras Kardiotissas Monastery（英語：Keras Kardiotissas Monastery）, the icon was painted by 聖人 Lazarus Zographos（英語：Lazarus Zographos） and was known as the Panagia Kardiotissa (Παναγίας Καρδιώτισσας), due to the depiction of the 天主之母 holding the Child Jesus（英語：Child Jesus） near her heart. Historian Stergios Spanakis had argued that the miraculous icon was the reason for the founding of the monastery.[6] Cristoforo Buondelmonti（英語：Cristoforo Buondelmonti）, an Italian Franciscan priest and traveler who visited Crete in 1415, wrote of the icon being miraculous:

"Βαδίζαµε ανάµεσα σε πυκνοδασωµένα πετρώδη βουνά µέχρι που φθάσαµε στην εκκλησία της Καρδιώτισσας, που πολλές φορές είχε φανερωθή στους πιστούς µε θαύµατα."

The icon was stolen from the monastery in 1498.[7][8]

The earliest written account of the icon after its abduction comes from a Latin and 義大利語 plaque placed in the church of San Matteo in Via Merulana（英語：San Matteo in Via Merulana） where it was first venerated by the public in 1499. The writer of the icon is unknown, but according to a parchment attached to the painting that accompanied the icon, it was stolen by a merchant sailing to 羅馬 from the island of 克里特. (The Keras Kardiotissas Monastery（英語：Keras Kardiotissas Monastery） is regarded as the monastery from which the icon was stolen.)[9] The image remained in the private possession of a Roman merchant and his family until 27 March 1499, when the icon was transferred to the church of San Matteo[10] where it remained for 300 years. The picture was then popularly called the 「Madonna di San Matteo」.

The Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer（英語：Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer） maintain a robust account of the icon and its passage from the private hands of a merchant family in Rome to its final and current location at Sant'Alfonso di Liguori（英語：Sant'Alfonso di Liguori）, on the Esquiline Hill in Rome.[11] The accounting includes the story of a merchant who secured the icon from Crete, and brought it to his family's home in Rome, during the late 15th century. The story includes a passage of a young member of the family, the six-year-old daughter of the merchant, who was visited by the Virgin Mary in a dream. Part of the accounting includes the following passage:

「At last, the Blessed Virgin Mary appeared to the six-year-old daughter of this Roman family and told her to tell her mother and grandmother that the picture of Holy Mary of Perpetual Help should be placed in the Church of Saint Matthew the Apostle, located between the basilicas of Saint Mary Major and Saint John Lateran.」

[11] The icon remained at Saint Matthew's for three centuries. For at least the final 60 years of the 18th century, St. Matthew's was occupied by the Augustinian Order of the Catholic Church. When war broke out in Rome in 1798, the icon was moved to the Church of Saint Mary in Posterula, near the "Umberto I" bridge that crosses the Tiber River in Rome. The icon remained "hidden" there until Pope Pius IX granted the possession of the icon to the Redemptorists by Papal Edict, in 1865.[11] The Church of Saint Mary in Posterula was later demolished in 1880.

According to the account by the Redemptorists: "In January 1866, Fathers Michael Marchi and Ernest Bresciani went to Saint Mary's in Posterula to receive the picture from the Augustinians.".[11] The Redemptorists had purchased the property where the former Saint Matthew's had stood, and had established and built the modern Sant'Alfonso di Liguori, in honor of the founder of their congregation. Thus, the venerated icon of the Catholic Church was returned to the location described by the Virgin Mary in the dream of the merchant's daughter, that is, at the church between Saint Mary Major and Saint John Lateran.

Redemptorist tradition holds that Pope Pius IX declared, in 1866, that the Redemptorists make the icon known to the world, and so, several copies were made and sent to Redemptorist parishes around the world. One such Redemptorist parish in the United States, Saint Mary's in Annapolis, Maryland, received a copy from Rome in 1868.[12] The image is prominently displayed within the sanctuary of the parish.

Transfer

[編輯]

In 1798, 法國 troops under 路易-亞歷山大·貝爾蒂埃 occupied Rome as part of the 法國大革命戰爭, establishing the short-lived 羅馬共和國 (18世紀) and taking 庇護六世 prisoner. Among the several churches demolished during the French occupation was San Matteo in Via Merulana, which housed the icon.[13] The 奧斯定會 who rescued the icon first took it to the nearby Church of St. Eusebius, then later set it up on a side altar in the Church of Santa Maria in Posterula.

In January 1855, the Redemptorist priests purchased Villa Caserta in Rome along the Via Merulana and converted it into their headquarters. Decades later, 庇護九世 invited the Redemptorist Fathers（英語：Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer） to set up a Marian house of veneration in Rome, in response to which the Redemptorists built Sant'Alfonso di Liguori at that location.[2] The Redemptorists were thus established on the Via Merulana, not knowing that it had once been the site of the Church of San Matteo and shrine of the once-famous icon.

Custodianship

[編輯]
The official publication of the venerated image by the Order of the Redemptorists.

庇護九世 sent a letter on 11 December 1865 to Father General Mauron, C.Ss.R., ordered that the image be once again publicly venerated in Via Merulana, the new church of Saint Alphonsus. The same Pontiff directed the Augustinian friars to surrender the original icon to the Redemptorist priests, on condition that the Redemptorists must supply the Augustinian priests with another adequate picture in exchange as a gesture of goodwill.

The instructions of the Pontifical order to the Redemptorists（英語：Redemptorists） were:

「The 萬民福音部, Cardinal Alessandro Barnabò（英語：Alessandro Barnabò） shall call the Superior of the community of Sancta Maria in Posterula and will tell him that it is Our desire that the image of Most Holy Mary, referred to in this petition, be again placed between Saint John the Lateran and Saint Mary Major; the Redemptorists shall replace it with another adequate picture.」 — Pope Pius IX[14]

Upon its official transfer, Pope Pius IX finally gave his Apostolic Blessing and titled the icon Mater de Perpetuo Succursu (English: Mother of Perpetual Succour).

On 21 April 1866, the Redemptorist Superior General gave one of the first copies of the icon to 庇護九世. This copy is preserved in the chapel of the Redemptorists' Generalate in Rome.

On 5 May 1866, the image was granted a decree of Canonical Coronation（英語：Canonical Coronation） by the 座堂主任牧師 of the 聖伯多祿大殿 Chapter（英語：chapter (religion)） in a solemn and official recognition of the Marian icon under that title. The Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, Cardinal Ruggero Luigi Emidio Antici Mattei（英語：Ruggero Luigi Emidio Antici Mattei）, executed the rite of coronation on 23 June 1867.

The original icon remains under the care of the Redemptorist Fathers at the Church of St. Alphonsus with the latest restoration of the icon having taken place in 1990.[14]

Restoration and Carbon dating

[編輯]
The namesake icon crowned by Pope John Paul II for 瓦多維采, Poland in 16 June 1999.

In 1866, the icon underwent restoration by the Polish painter Leopold Nowotny (1822—1870).[15]

In 1990, the icon was taken down from its altar for new photography and image restoration commissioned by the General Government of Redemptorists. The Redemptorist Order entered into contract with the Technical Department at the 梵蒂岡博物館 to restore the icon and prevent further fungal damage to the icon. The restoration process involved X射線, 紅外線 scanning, technical analysis of the paint and 紫外線 testing along with a 放射性碳定年法 which placed the icon between the year 1325–1480. Artistic analysis of the icon revealed that the facial structure of the icon was altered due to previous overpainting, resulting in a combination of "oriental and occidental" features of the image.[16]

Pontifical approbations

[編輯]

Marian cult and veneration

[編輯]

Our Lady of Perpetual Help has been venerated across many cultures and thus bears several titles in different languages, such as Mother of Perpetual Succour, Unsere Liebe Frau von der immerwährenden Hilfe, Nuestra Señora del Perpetuo Socorro, Notre-Dame du Perpétuel Secours, Mater del Perpetuo Succursu, and Yna ng Laging Saklolo.

India

[編輯]
Picture of the St. Michael's Church, Mumbai
Picture of the St. Michael's Church, Mumbai（英語：St. Michael's Church, Mumbai）.

On 8 September 1948, the Perpetual Succour Novena was started in a small way at St. Michael's Church, Mumbai（英語：St. Michael's Church, Mumbai） at Mahim in the city of Mumbai, India. It all began in 1948 when Father Edward Fernandes, who, on his return from Europe, having seen the devotion to Our Lady of Perpetual Succour at Belfast in Ireland, brought back with him a picture – one blessed by placing it upon the original picture in Rome. The devotion spread fast and wide due to his evangelization efforts. Father Edward Fernandes was transferred from Mahim（英語：Mahim） in June 1950. Today, from 6 in the morning to 10 at night, streams of devotees pour in for 12 services held in English, Konkani, Marathi, Hindi and Tamil. These multi-lingual services testify to the immense popularity of the devotion. In fact, numerous parishes across the city such as Our Lady of Egypt（英語：Our Lady of Egypt Church） have adopted this novena for the convenience of their parishioners. Today, seven decades later, the devotion continues at Saint Michael of Mahim Church（英語：St. Michael's Church, Mumbai）.

The Philippines

[編輯]

Our Lady of Perpetual Help is widely venerated by 菲律賓天主教 and 海外菲律賓人 communities. A German copy of the icon is venerated in the 巴克拉蘭教堂 in Baclaran, Parañaque City（英語：Baclaran, Parañaque City）, 馬尼拉大都會 – the country's centre of devotion to the icon. Since 1958, the Church has been authorized to remain open 24 hours a day. Pope 若望保祿二世 once offered a Catholic Mass（英語：Catholic Mass） at the shrine as 樞機, and later prayed before the icon during his first pastoral visit to the country in February 1981.[17]

The veneration of this icon is culturally unique to Philippine religiosity due to the absolute fact that all Catholic churches and petite chapels in the Philippines have a replica of the icon, often enshrined in a side altar（英語：Bye-altar）. Similar to the archetype of the 最後的晚餐 in a Filipino dining room, this enshrinement has been a culture phenomenon unique to all Filipino Catholic shrines and churches, even sometimes caricatured as a cultural 諷刺. The areas enshrined in this icon are either found in the foyer（英語：foyer） entrance of a church, a side altar or a freestanding chapel in a larger sized church. Copies of the icon can also be found in countless houses, businesses, and even public utility vehicles.[18][19]

Every Wednesday, many congregations hold services where they publicly recite the 玫瑰經 and the icon's associated novena（英語：Novena to Our Mother of Perpetual Help）, along with a priest delivering Benediction（英語：Benediction） and celebrating a votive Mass（英語：votive Mass） in its honor. Devotees today still use the same Novena booklet first published by 愛爾蘭島 Redemptorists, who introduced the icon and its devotion to the Philippines in the early 1900s. The Filipino Diaspora continue keeping the Wednesday Novena, holding novena services in their respective parishes overseas.[20][21]

In Saint John the Baptist Parish, Garcia Hernandez, Bohol（英語：Garcia Hernandez, Bohol）, the feast of the image is held on April 27 instead of the usual liturgical date. The 48 sub-chapels in the parish participate in the annual feast, while every 27th month has each chapel's respective congregations holding a procession of the icon. This form of devotion began in 1923 when two missionary priests, a Dutchman named Thomas and a German named Jorge, brought the icon to the town. The original icon can still be seen in a chapel of the parish; its reverse bears a Latin inscription attesting to its dedication.

In the 新怡詩夏省 province, Our Lady of Perpetual Help is widely venerated. Yearly, a first-class relic is exposed to the faithful from June 18 until June 27.[來源請求]

United States

[編輯]

In 1878, the 永援聖母朝聖地聖殿 in 波士頓, obtained a certified copy of the icon being the first in the 美國. Between 1927 and 1935, the first American novena service dedicated to the icon was recited in Saint Alphonsus "The Rock" church（英語：St. Alphonsus Catholic Church, St. Louis） in 聖路易斯 (密蘇里州), and various other Redemptorist stations around the United States.

There is a shrine Church of the Most Holy Redeemer（英語：Church of the Most Holy Redeemer (Manhattan)） in Manhattan; and at the 布魯克林永援聖母聖殿 and Ybor City, Tampa, Florida.

Patronage

[編輯]

The town of Almoradí in the 巴倫西亞自治區 of 西班牙 invokes the patronage of Our Mother of Perpetual Help. In 1918, the son of the Marquis of Ríoflorido, José Carlos, fell ill with 胸膜炎. His mother, Lady Desamparado Fontes, fed him a silk fabric cloth touched to the icon of Perpetual Help in Rome, which resulted in instantaneous healing later claimed to be miraculous. As a token of thanksgiving, Fontes officially donated funds to begin the Confraternity of Almoradí. On 29 May 1919, Our Lady of Perpetual Help was officially enthroned in Saint Andrew's Parish as the official patroness of the town. In 1945, 庇護十二世 confirmed this patronage by a pontifical decree. On its 50th anniversary in 1969, a public diocesan coronation of this image was held, directed by the town mayor and its authorities, with the crowns made by Santero（英語：Santo (art)） artist José David.

Our Lady of Perpetual Help is also the principal 主保聖人 of Haiti.[22] According to Roman Catholic 主教 Guy Sansaricq（英語：Guy Sansaricq）, former Haitian president（英語：President of Haiti） 埃利·萊斯科 and his cabinet petitioned the 聖座 to make Our Mother of Perpetual Help the Patroness of Haiti in 1942.[23] Many Haitians credit the Virgin Mary under this title with performing miracles to prevent a 天花 outbreak which ravaged the country in 1882. The Holy See approved the request for patronage under the Pontificate of 庇護十二世. Our Lady of Perpetual Help is also present in numerous Haitian public stamps used by the Office des Postes d'Haiti. In January 2010, 本篤十六世 invoked Our Lady of Perpetual Help for Haiti's earthquake relief through Archbishop Louis Kébreau（英語：Louis Kébreau）.

Our Lady of Perpetual Help is also the patroness of the 天主教薩利納教區, 堪薩斯州 in the United States,[24] of the 天主教米杜士堡教區 & the Roman Catholic Diocese of Leeds in England, and of the Catholic Diocese of Issele-Uku in Nigeria.

象徵

[編輯]
  1. 聖母頭巾上的星星：瑪利亞是光耀海星，帶著基督的光明來到這個黑暗的世界，引領我們穩渡世海安全停靠在天堂彼岸。
  2. 聖像畫的上半部左右處各描繪著拿著長槍和插著浸過醋的海綿的長竿，以及另一名拿著十字架和鐵釘的兩位天使。而二位天使頭上也各自有其名稱的希臘文縮寫。
  3. 聖母的臉部神情基於聖像畫傳統也各有象徵。小嘴代表無聲的回憶，她在聖經中所言不多。聖母大大的雙眼代表她足以看清我們所有的困苦，無論我們身在何處，她總是轉向我們。
  4. 紅色袍子，在基督生活的年代，是童貞女才能穿的顏色。深藍色的衣袍，在巴勒斯坦是母親穿的顏色。瑪利亞既是童貞又是母親故名「童貞聖母」。
  5. 基督的聖手，手掌向下緊握聖母。代表救贖的恩寵經由聖母保持——諸寵中保。
  6. 希臘文「天主之母」。
  7. 1867年，應聖座的要求，金色皇冠結合於原始的畫像上，它代表了聖母顯現的諸多聖跡，是「永援聖母」名稱的由來。
  8. 希臘文「耶穌基督」。
  9. 聖母的左手完全支撐著耶穌，她是祂的母親，這隻手撫慰著任何有求於她的人。
  10. 耶穌腳底懸著的涼鞋，也許代表著，奉獻給聖母的（罪人的）靈魂，能在臨終時有最後一線希望把握基督（的救恩）。聖像的背景是金色的，象徵著天堂。耶穌和聖母在那裡受享寶座與榮光。服裝上閃耀的金色則象徵天堂的喜樂，這喜樂可以安撫人們的疲憊心靈。

參見

[編輯]

註

[編輯]

參考

[編輯]

引文

[編輯]
  1. ^ Festschrift zum Andenken an die Wiedereröffnung der St. Peters-Kirche, St. Peter's Church Philadelphia, 1901, page 93
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 "Our Lady of Perpetual Help", Basilica of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Brooklyn, New York. [2023-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-19）. 
  3. ^ Types of Theotokos of the Passion. Bing.com. 2012-03-30 [2014-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-19）. 
  4. ^ Alfredo Tradigo. Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church. 2006. ISBN 0-89236-845-4. 
  5. ^ Trinity Acres. [2023-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-19）. 
  6. ^ Η απίστευτη ιστορία της εικόνας της Παναγίας Κεράς που εκλάπη από την Κρήτη και σήμερα λατρεύεται στη Ρώμη - Ιστορίες, Ρεπορτάζ, Σχολιασμός Κρήτης Blog | e-storieskritis.gr. [2023-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-19）. 
  7. ^ Γιαπιτσόγλου, Κώστας Δ.; Πατεδάκης, Μανόλης Σ. ΠΡΟΣΚΥΝΗΤΑΡΙΟΝ - ΙΕΡΑΣ ΜΟΝΗΣ ΚΑΡΔΙΩΤΙΣΣΗΣ ΚΕΡΑΣ (PDF). 希臘克里特島: ΙΕΡΑ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΙΣ ΠΕΤΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΧΕΡΡΟΝΗΣΟΥ. 2013 [2024-09-03]. ISBN 978-9963-2872-0-8. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-06-16） （gr）. 
  8. ^ http://nefeli.lib.teicrete.gr/browse/sdo/tour/2012/IoannouEvgenia/attached-document-1337582326-772867-3439/Ioannou2012.pdf （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） [裸網址]
  9. ^ Holy Monastery of Kera – Kardiotissa. [2023-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-19）. 
  10. ^ "Our Mother of Perpetual Help", The Redemptorists. [2023-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-19）. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 History of the Icon. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-17）. 
  12. ^ St. Mary's Annapolis | History of St. Mary's. [2023-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-26）. 
  13. ^ Who is Our Lady of Perpetual Help?. Aquinasandmore.com. [2014-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-26）. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 The History of the Icon. Cssr.com. [2014-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-29）. 
  15. ^ Redemptorist. （原始內容存檔於2007-07-06）. 
  16. ^ Official Website of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer. Superior General, Michael Brehl, C.SsR. - Latest Restoration of the Icon. Cssr.com. [2014-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-29）. 
  17. ^ Vatican website: Pope John Paul II in the Philippines. Vatican.va. 1981-02-17 [2014-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2013-03-03）. 
  18. ^ Culture and Customs of the Philippines (Cultures and Customs of the World). [2023-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-19）. 
  19. ^ Relations Between Religions and Cultures in Southeast Asia: Indonesian Philosophical Studies
  20. ^ Asian American Religions: The Making and Remaking of Borders and Boundaries (Religion, Race, and Ethnicity). [2023-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-19）. 
  21. ^ Religion at the Corner of Bliss and Nirvana: Politics, Identity, and Faith in New Migrant Communities
  22. ^ patrons of Haiti. Saints.sqpn.com. 2010-08-01 [2014-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-19）. 
  23. ^ Haitians pray for perpetual help for their homeland 6/29/11 : Currents. Netny.net. 2011-06-29 [2014-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於July 21, 2013）. 
  24. ^ Salina Arms. salinadiocese.org. [2018-06-28]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-09） （英國英語）. 
  1. ^ Pontifical decree of nomenclature granted by the Vatican Chapter and Pope Pius IX in April 1865.

來源

[編輯]

延伸閱讀

[編輯]
  • Ferrero, Fabriciano. The Story of an Icon: The Full History, Tradition and Spirituality of the Popular Icon of Our Mother .., of Perpetual Help. Redemptorist Publications, 2001. ISBN 978-0-85231-219-3.
  • Milliner, Matthew, Mother of the Lamb: The Story of a Gloabal Icon, Fortress Press, 2022. ISBN 978-1506478753.

外部鏈接

[編輯]
取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=永援圣母&oldid=84286834」