干擾因素

干擾因素（英語：confounder、confound或confounding variable），又稱為干擾因子、干擾變量、混淆變量、共變因等，在統計學和因果關係中是指會同時影響自變數和應變數，導致出現偽關係的一種變量。在不嚴謹的語境下，干擾因子也可以指所有未知變數（lurking variable），包括中介變因和對撞變因。干擾因子會造成偽關係，是相關不蘊涵因果的原因之一。^[1]^[2]^[3]

參見

軼事證據
因果推論——確認一個變量和它的影響之間存在因果關係的過程
辛普森悖論——數據統計悖論

參考文獻

^ Pearl, J., (2009). Simpson's Paradox, Confounding, and Collapsibility In Causality: Models, Reasoning and Inference (2nd ed.). New York : Cambridge University Press.
^ VanderWeele, T.J.; Shpitser, I. On the definition of a confounder. Annals of Statistics. 2013, 41 (1): 196–220. PMC 4276366 . PMID 25544784. arXiv:1304.0564 . doi:10.1214/12-aos1058.
^ Greenland, S.; Robins, J. M.; Pearl, J. Confounding and Collapsibility in Causal Inference. Statistical Science. 1999, 14 (1): 29–46. doi:10.1214/ss/1009211805 .

[Pearl_2009-1] Pearl, J., (2009). Simpson's Paradox, Confounding, and Collapsibility In Causality: Models, Reasoning and Inference (2nd ed.). New York : Cambridge University Press.

[2] VanderWeele, T.J.; Shpitser, I. On the definition of a confounder. Annals of Statistics. 2013, 41 (1): 196–220. PMC 4276366 . PMID 25544784. arXiv:1304.0564 . doi:10.1214/12-aos1058.

[Greenland_Pearl_Robbins_1999-3] Greenland, S.; Robins, J. M.; Pearl, J. Confounding and Collapsibility in Causal Inference. Statistical Science. 1999, 14 (1): 29–46. doi:10.1214/ss/1009211805 .

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