希臘-弗里吉亞語
 | 此條目的引用需要清理，使其符合格式。 (2021年10月6日) |
| 希臘-弗里吉亞語族 | |
|---|---|
| Greco-Phrygian | |
| 地理分佈 | 巴爾幹半島南部、安納托利亞和賽普勒斯 |
| 譜系學分類 | 印歐語系
|
| 分支 | |
| – | |
| Glottolog | grae1234[1] |
希臘-弗里吉亞語族是印歐語系假定的次級分類，包含希臘語族和弗里吉亞語。
主流觀點一般認為希臘語是弗里吉亞語關係最近的親屬，支持者有Brixhe、Neumann、Matzinger、Woodhouse、Ligorio、Lubotsky和Obrador-Cursach。此外，Obrador Cursach收集的36條共同創新證據中，弗里吉亞語和希臘語共享34個，其中22個是它們獨有的。最近50年來，弗里吉亞語學界發展出了希臘-弗里吉亞語假說，認為希臘語和弗里吉亞語有共同祖先。如果弗里吉亞語的語料能再多些，這種語言應該能被構擬出來。[2]:72[3]:171[4]:1816[5]:102[6]:238-239[6]:243
證據
[編輯]語言學家Claude Brixhe指出下列希臘語和弗里吉亞語共享且特有的特徵：[2]
Obrador-Cursach (2019)給出了語音學、形態學和詞彙學證據以支持希臘語和弗里吉亞語間的緊密關係，並附以弗里吉亞語、希臘語、亞美尼亞語、阿爾巴尼亞語和印度-伊朗語族的共同創新。[6]:234-238
| 弗里吉亞語特徵 | 希臘 | 亞美尼亞 | 阿爾巴尼亞 | 印度-伊朗 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 顎音 | + | - | - | - |
| *CRh₃C > *CRōC | + | - | - | - |
| /s/失落 | + | + | + | - |
| 詞首增元音 | + | + | + | - |
| *-ih₂ > -iya | + | - | + | - |
| *ki̯- > s- | + | - | - | - |
| *-m > -n | + | + | ? | - |
| *M > T | - | + | - | - |
| 弗里吉亞語特徵 | 希臘 | 亞美尼亞 | 阿爾巴尼亞 | 印度-伊朗 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 條件的ai | + | - | - | - |
| e增音 | + | + | + | + |
| e-指示詞 | + | - | - | - |
| *-eh₂-s 陽性 | + | - | - | - |
| t-擴大 | + | - | - | - |
| -e-yo-中的動詞 | + | - | - | - |
| -o-yo-中的動詞 | + | - | - | - |
| *-dhn̥ | + | - | - | - |
| *dhh₁s-ó- | + | - | - | - |
| *-eu̯-/*-ēu̯- | + | - | - | - |
| *gu̯her-mo- | + | + | + | - |
| *gu̯neh₂-ik- | + | + | - | - |
| *h₂eu̯-to- | + | - | + | - |
| *h₃nh₃-mn- | + | + | - | - |
| *méǵh₂-s | + | - | - | - |
| *meh₁ | + | + | + | + |
| *-mh₁no- | + | - | - | - |
| ni(y)/νι | + | - | - | - |
| *-(t)or | - | ? | - | - |
| -toy/-τοι | + | - | - | + |
- ^ 高亮部分表示無法排除借詞。
| 弗里吉亞語特徵 | 希臘 | 亞美尼亞 | 阿爾巴尼亞 | 印度-伊朗 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *bhoh₂-t-/*bheh₂-t- | + | - | - | - |
| *(h₁)en-mén- | + | - | - | - |
| *ǵhl̥h₃-ró- | + | - | - | - |
| kako- | + | - | - | - |
| ken- | + | + | - | - |
| *koru̯- | + | - | - | - |
| *mōro- | + | - | - | - |
| *sleh₂gu̯- | + | - | - | - |
- ^ 高亮部分表示無法排除借詞。
其他假設
[編輯]希臘語也曾被與亞美尼亞語和印度-伊朗語族(希臘-亞美尼亞語、希臘-雅利安語)、古馬其頓語(希臘語族)、晚些時候和梅薩比語被劃在一起。希臘語和古馬其頓語最常組成希臘語族；其他時候古馬其頓語被視作是希臘語方言，這時候希臘語族只包括希臘語方言。語言學家瓦茨拉夫·布拉熱科認為，就這些語言的系屬分類而言，「語料中的詞彙尚不足以支持定量分析」(參見語料庫語言學和定量比較語言學)。[7]:6
參考
[編輯]- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Graeco-Phrygian. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Brixhe, Claude. Phrygian. Woodard, Roger D (編). The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press. 2008 [2021-10-01]. ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-19）."Unquestionably, however, Phrygian is most closely linked with Greek."
- ^ Woodhouse 2009:This question is of course only just separable from the question of which languages within Indo-European are most closely related to Phrygian, which has also been hotly debated. A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative.
- ^ Ligorio & Lubotsky (2018): "Phrygian is most closely related to Greek. The two languages share a few unique innovations [...] It is therefore very likely that both languages emerged from a single language, which was spoken in the Balkans at the end of the third millennium BCE.
- ^ Obrador-Cursach 2018:Furthermore, if Phrygian were not so-poorly attested perhaps we could reconstruct a Proto-Greco-Phrygian stage of both languages.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Obrador-Cursach 2020:To the best of our current knowledge, Phrygian was closely related to Greek. This affirmation is consistent with the vision offered by Neumann (1988: 23), Brixhe (2006) and Ligorio and Lubotsky (2018: 1816) and with many observations given by ancient authors. Both languages share 34 of the 36 features considered in this paper, some of them of great significance:…The available data suggest that Phrygian and Greek coexisted broadly from pre-historic to historic times, and both belong to a common linguistic area (Brixhe 2006: 39–44). 引用錯誤：帶有name屬性「FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020」的
<ref>標籤用不同內容定義了多次 - ^ Blažek, Václav. On the internal classification of Indo-European languages: survey (PDF). Linguistica Online. November 2005 [2021-10-01]. ISSN 1801-5336. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-04-20）.
書目
[編輯]- Ligorio, Orsat; Lubotsky, Alexander. Phrygian. Jared Klein; Brian Joseph; Matthias Fritz (編). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. HSK 41.3. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. 2018 [2021-10-01]. doi:10.1515/9783110542431-022. （原始內容存檔於2021-08-16）.:1816–1831
- Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions (PDF). University of Barcelona - Faculty of Philology - Department of Classical, Romance and Semitic Philology. 2018 [2021-10-01]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-04-08）.
- Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu. On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages. Journal of Language Relationship. 2020, 17 (3–4) [2021-10-01]. S2CID 215769896. doi:10.31826/jlr-2019-173-407
. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-18）. - Woodhouse, Robert. An overview of research on Phrygian from the nineteenth century to the present day. Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis. 2009, 126 (1) [2021-10-01]. ISSN 2083-4624. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-06）.
閱讀更多
[編輯]- Blažek, Václav. Paleo-Balkanian Languages I: Hellenic Languages (PDF). Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity 10. Brno: Masarykova univerzita: 15–33. 2005 [2021-10-01]. ISBN 80-210-3784-9. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2019-05-09）.
- Brixhe, Claude. Interactions between Greek and Phrygian under the Roman Empire. Adams, J. N.; Janse, Mark (編). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Text. Oxford University Press. 2002.:246–266
- Fortson, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction 2nd. Blackwell. 2011.:203, 252
- Masson, Olivier. Anatolian Languages. Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S. (編). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1991.:668–669
- Woudhuizen, Fred C. Phrygian & Greek (PDF). Talanta, Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society 40–41: 181–217. 2008–2009. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於7 April 2014）.