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维基百科，自由的百科全书
洛夫莱斯伯爵夫人埃达
Ada, Countess of Lovelace
1840年的埃达
出生奥古斯塔·埃达·拜伦
Augusta Ada Byron
(1815-12-10)1815年12月10日
英格兰伦敦
逝世1852年11月27日(1852岁—11—27)（36岁）
英格兰伦敦马里波恩
墓地英格兰诺丁汉郡哈克诺圣抹大拉的马利亚教堂
知名于数学
运算
配偶威廉·金-诺尔（第一代洛夫莱斯伯爵）（英语：William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace）
父母

洛夫莱斯伯爵夫人奥古斯塔·埃达·金·诺尔（Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace，1815年12月10日－1852年11月27日），原姓拜伦（Byron），是一位英国数学家兼作家，代表作是她为查尔斯·巴贝奇的分析机——机械式通用电脑——所写的作品。她是第一位主张电脑不只可以用来算数的人，也发表了第一段分析机用的算法。因此，埃达被公认为史上第一位认识电脑完全潜能的人，也是史上第一位电脑程序员。[1][2][3]

埃达·洛夫莱斯是名诗人拜伦的唯一婚生子，母亲为温特沃斯女爵安妮·伊莎贝拉·米尔班奇（安娜贝拉）（英语：Anne Isabella Milbanke）。[4]拜伦的其他子女都是和其他女人间的非婚生子。[5]埃达出生周月父母离异，四个月后父亲离开英国，一去不归。拜伦在诗中写着：“我的娇女，你的容颜是否如母？埃达，我屋檐下、我心中唯一的女儿。”.[6]埃达八岁时，拜伦在希腊独立战争中病死。埃达母亲始终痛恨拜伦，致力栽培埃达的数学逻辑兴趣，以免埃达陷入她眼中拜伦的疯狂下场。但埃达终究很在意父亲，过世时要求要葬在父亲身旁。埃达童年多病。1835年埃达与威廉·金（英语：William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace）结婚，威廉·金于1838年受封洛夫莱斯伯爵，她成为洛夫莱斯伯爵夫人。

借着她的家庭与教育环境，她认识许多科学家，如安德鲁·克罗斯（英语：Andrew Crosse）、大卫·布儒斯特爵士、查尔斯·惠斯通、麦可·法拉第和作家狄更斯，跟着他们进修。埃达自称是“分析家（兼形而上学家）”[7]，并自称在从事“诗意科学”[8]。

十几岁时，因着她的数学天分，埃达认识了后世誉为“电脑之父”的查尔斯·巴贝奇，并参与了巴贝奇的分析机。埃达在1833年透过家教玛丽·萨默维尔的关系，认识了巴贝奇。

在1842到1843年间，她翻译了一篇意大利军事工程师费德里科·路易吉阐述分析机的文章，并加上详尽的笔记（篇名就叫笔记）。埃达的笔记里，包含了公认的第一段计算机程序—一段分析机用的算法。埃达的笔记对早期电脑发展史非常重要。此外，当巴贝奇等同时代学者，只着眼于电脑的数学运算力时，埃达已经预见了电脑广泛应用的未来。[9]她在笔记中以她独有的“诗意科学”思考分析机，研究个人和社会，如何透过科技协同工作。[5]

埃达在1852年因子宫癌逝世，享年36岁。

生平

[编辑]

童年

[编辑]
Ada, aged four

Byron expected his baby to be a "glorious boy" and was disappointed when his wife gave birth to a girl.[10] Augusta was named after Byron's half-sister, Augusta Leigh, and was called "Ada" by Byron himself.[11]

四岁的埃达

拜伦想要一个“光耀的男儿”，所以当妻子生下女儿时，非常失望。[10]她的名字“奥古斯塔”取自拜伦同父异母的姐姐奥古斯塔·李（英语：Augusta Leigh） (Augusta Leigh)，拜伦自己命名“埃达”。[11]

On 16 January 1816 Ada's mother, Annabella, at Byron's behest, left for her parents' home at Kirkby Mallory, taking one-month-old Ada with her.[10] Although English law at the time gave fathers full custody of their children in cases of separation, Byron made no attempt to claim his parental rights[12] but did request that his sister keep him informed of Ada's welfare.[13] On 21 April Byron signed the Deed of Separation, although very reluctantly, and left England for good a few days later.[14] Aside from an acrimonious separation, Annabella continually made allegations about Byron's immoral behaviour throughout her life.[15]

1816年1月16日，安娜贝拉在拜伦要求下，带着一个月大的埃达离家，回到柯比马洛里（英语：Kirkby Mallory）的娘家。[10]依当年的英国法律，离婚后子女监护权属于父方。但拜伦不想要监护权[12]，只委托姐姐在埃达有需要时通知他。[13]4月21日拜伦勉为其难签字离婚，几天后旋即离开英国。[14]除离婚外，安娜贝拉一辈子都在抱怨拜伦的败德行为。[15]

Ada, aged seven, by Alfred d'Orsay, 1822, Somerville College, Oxford.

This set of events made Ada famous in Victorian society. Byron did not have a relationship with his daughter, and never saw her again. He died in 1824 when she was eight years old. Her mother was the only significant parental figure in her life.[16] Ada was not shown the family portrait of her father (covered in green shroud) until her twentieth birthday.[17] Her mother became Baroness Wentworth in her own right in 1856.

七岁的埃达，作者Alfred d'Orsay，1822年，收藏于牛津大学萨默维尔学院。

埃达因为这件事，在维多利亚时代声名远播。拜伦和女儿再无任何牵扯，终生未再相见。他逝世于1824年，埃达时年8岁。母亲安娜贝拉是埃达唯一的重要亲人。[16]直到埃达20岁生日前，父亲拜伦的画像都用灰布盖住，不让埃达看到。[17]母亲安娜贝拉1856年成为温特沃思女男爵。

Annabella did not have a close relationship with the young Ada and often left her in the care of her own mother Judith, Hon. Lady Milbanke, who doted on her grandchild. However, because of societal attitudes of the time—which favoured the husband in any separation, with the welfare of any child acting as mitigation—Annabella had to present herself as a loving mother to the rest of society. This included writing anxious letters to Lady Milbanke about Ada's welfare, with a cover note saying to retain the letters in case she had to use them to show maternal concern.[18] In one letter to Lady Milbanke, she referred to Ada as "it": "I talk to it for your satisfaction, not my own, and shall be very glad when you have it under your own."[19] In her teenage years, several of her mother's close friends watched Ada for any sign of moral deviation. Ada dubbed these observers the "Furies" and later complained they exaggerated and invented stories about her.[20]

埃达小的时候，母亲安娜贝拉和她很疏远，常常把她丢给溺爱孙女的外婆，米尔班奇夫人茱蒂·洪照顾。然而，当时社会舆论在离婚时偏向男方，也会拿小孩子说三道四。为顾及社会观感，安娜贝拉必须对外扮演慈母。安娜贝拉会写信给母亲关心埃达，并在信封上另注要收好信，以备不时之需。[18]在其中一封信里，她称埃达为“它”：“虽然百般不愿，我还是听你的话，和它说话。若你愿认养它，我会非常高兴。”[19]在埃达的少女时期，好几位母亲的密友会监视埃达，以免她变坏。埃达偷偷给这些眼线取了绰号“妖女”，抱怨她们乱讲她的坏话。[20]

Ada, aged seventeen, 1832

Ada was often ill, beginning in early childhood. At the age of eight, she experienced headaches that obscured her vision.[11] In June 1829, she was paralysed after a bout of measles. She was subjected to continuous bed rest for nearly a year, which may have extended her period of disability. By 1831, she was able to walk with crutches. Despite being ill Ada developed her mathematical and technological skills. At age 12 this future "Lady Fairy", as Charles Babbage affectionately called her, decided she wanted to fly. Ada went about the project methodically, thoughtfully, with imagination and passion. Her first step, in February 1828, was to construct wings. She investigated different material and sizes. She considered various materials for the wings: paper, oilsilk, wires, and feathers. She examined the anatomy of birds to determine the right proportion between the wings and the body. She decided to write a book, Flyology, illustrating, with plates, some of her findings. She decided what equipment she would need; for example, a compass, to "cut across the country by the most direct road", so that she could surmount mountains, rivers, and valleys. Her final step was to integrate steam with the "art of flying".[5]

十七岁的埃达，1832年

埃达小时候身体不好，常常生病。八岁时，她就因为头痛影响视力。[11]1829年6月，埃达因麻疹发作而全身麻痹，在床上休养了将近一年，之后仍然行动不便。直到1831年，她才能柱著拐杖走路。虽然一直生病，埃达的数理能力仍持续进步。12岁的时候，这位未来巴贝奇口中的“妖精小姐”，开始想飞。她深思熟虑，按部就班，一步步实现她的梦想项目。1928年2月，她跨出第一步：制作双翼。她计算、分析不同的材质、大小，尝试各种材料：纸、油布、缆线、羽毛等。她研究鸟类解剖学，计算双翼和身体的正确比例。她项目把她的研究发现和图表，整理成书《飞行学》。她也规划所需的器材，例如罗盘，以便能越过高山河谷“直线穿越大地”。埃达的最后一步则是要结合蒸汽和“飞行艺术学”。

In early 1833 Ada had an affair with a tutor and, after being caught, tried to elope with him. The tutor's relatives recognised her and contacted her mother. Annabella and her friends covered the incident up to prevent a public scandal.[21] Ada never met her younger half-sister, Allegra, the daughter of Lord Byron and Claire Clairmont. Allegra died in 1822 at the age of five. Ada did have some contact with Elizabeth Medora Leigh, the daughter of Byron's half-sister Augusta Leigh, who purposely avoided Ada as much as possible when introduced at Court.[22]

1833年初，埃达和一个家教坠入情网，恋情曝光后，他们就私奔了。家教的亲戚认出埃达后，通报了埃达的母亲。安娜贝拉和朋友联手屏蔽了所有消息，以免被舆论攻击。埃达从未见过拜伦和克莱尔·克莱尔蒙特的女儿，她同父异母的妹妹奥格拉·拜伦。1822年，奥格拉五岁时过世。埃达和拜伦同父异母姐姐奥古斯塔·李的女儿伊丽莎白·梅朵拉·李（英语：Elizabeth Medora Leigh）有往来，虽然对方后来在法院上刻意避开她。

  1. ^ Fuegi & Francis 2003.
  2. ^ Phillips, Ana Lena. Crowdsourcing Gender Equity: Ada Lovelace Day, and its companion website, aims to raise the profile of women in science and technology. American Scientist. November–December 2011, 99 (6): 463. 
  3. ^ Ada Lovelace honoured by Google doodle. The Guardian. 10 December 2012 [10 December 2012]. 
  4. ^ Ada Lovelace Biography, biography.com
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Toole, Betty Alexandra, Poetical Science, The Byron Journal, 1987, 15: 55–65, doi:10.3828/bj.1987.6 .
  6. ^ Last leaving England. I. Personal, Lyric, and Elegiac. Lord Byron. 1881. Poetry of Byron. www.bartleby.com. [2018-01-31]. 
  7. ^ Toole 1998，第156–157页.
  8. ^ Toole 1998，第234–235页.
  9. ^ Fuegi & Francis 2003，第19, 25页.
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Turney 1972，第35页.
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Stein 1985，第17页.
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Stein 1985，第16页.
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Woolley 1999，第80页.
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Turney 1972，第36–38页.
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Woolley 1999，第74–77页.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Turney 1972，第138页.
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Woolley 1999，第10页.
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Woolley 1999，第85–87页.
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Woolley 1999，第86页.
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Woolley 1999，第119页.
  21. ^ Woolley 1999，第120–21页.
  22. ^ Turney 1972，第155页.
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