紅河斷裂帶

紅河斷裂帶是位於青藏高原東南緣的一條斷裂帶，被視為川滇塊體的西邊界^[1]。

地質背景

自新生代以來，隨着印度板塊持續向北楔入，青藏高原東南緣經歷了顯著的構造變形^[2]^[3]。紅河斷裂帶作為川滇塊體的西部邊界，不僅分隔印支塊體與華南塊體^[4]，還因青藏高原物質向東側擠出，成為區域內重要的深部構造帶^[5]^[6]^[7]。紅河斷裂帶的地質構造及地殼變形具有由北向南的分段特徵^[8]，其與峨眉山大火成岩省的岩石侵蝕程度相呼應^[9]。

地質構造特徵

紅河斷裂帶是中國最長的走滑斷裂帶之一，全長約1,000公里，斜貫雲南西部和南部，整體呈北窄南寬的形態^[1]。斷裂帶從洱源延伸至越南北部灣，被分為北段、中段和南段（北段為洱源—彌渡，中段為彌渡—大斗門，南段為大斗門—河口）^[8]。

中-晚二疊紀時期，紅河斷裂帶可能為峨眉山大火成岩省的岩漿活動提供了通道^[9]；而在古近紀，斷裂帶經歷了多次左旋走滑運動，隨着青藏高原的東向擠出，吸收了大量地殼縮短量^[10]^[11]。到了新近紀，紅河斷裂帶從左旋走滑轉變為右旋走滑運動^[12]。第四紀以來，斷裂帶以右旋走滑兼具伸展運動為特徵，其中中段呈現顯著的逆沖運動^[6]^[13]。

紅河斷裂帶兩側地殼厚度存在明顯差異，東側地殼厚度可達約50公里，而西側則僅為30公里左右^[1]。紅河斷裂帶北段的泊松比值較高，可能與地幔物質底侵有關^[14]^[15]；而南段的泊松比相對較低，表明以長英質為主的地殼成分更容易發生部分熔融^[16]。大地電磁資料顯示，北段存在高電導率體，表明該區域的地殼結構可能受到上地幔影響^[17]^[18]^[19]。

地震活動

紅河斷裂帶屬於中國南北地震帶的南段，地震活動具有顯著的分佈不均勻性^[1]。北段地震活動頻繁，歷史上發生過多次6級以上地震，其中包括2次7級以上大震；而中段幾乎無震，南段的地震活動則集中在東側的石屏—建水斷裂上^[20]^[21]。

紅河斷裂帶北段和中段北側具有發生大地震的潛力^[22]，而南段則可能孕育長周期的大地震^[23]。

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 李瑩; 高原. 地震各向异性与地质构造揭示的红河断裂带分段性. SCIENTIA SINICA Terrae. 2024-08-01, 54 (8): 2458–2477. doi:10.1360/SSTe-2023-0239.
^ Yin, An; Harrison, T. Mark. Geologic Evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 2000-05, 28 (1): 211–280. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.211.
^ Tapponnier, P.; Peltzer, G.; Le Dain, A. Y.; Armijo, R.; Cobbold, P. Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: New insights from simple experiments with plasticine. Geology. 1982, 10 (12): 611. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<611:PETIAN>2.0.CO;2.
^ 闞榮舉; 王紹晉, 黃崐, 宋文. 中国西南地区现代构造应力场与板内断块相对运动. 地震地質. 1983, (2): 79–90 [2024-09-14].
^ 許志琴, 王勤; XU Zhiqin, WANG Qin. 印度-亚洲碰撞：从挤压到走滑的构造转换. 地質學報. 2016-01-18, 90 (1): 1–23 [2024-09-14]. ISSN 0001-5717 （cn）.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 鍾大賚, 張進江; Zhang Jinjiang, Zhong Dalai and Zhou Yong. 东南亚及哀牢山红河构造带构造演化的讨论. 地質論評: 337–344. [2024-09-14]. ISSN 0371-5736 （cn）.
^ Molnar, P.; Tapponnier, P. Cenozoic Tectonics of Asia: Effects of a Continental Collision: Features of recent continental tectonics in Asia can be interpreted as results of the India-Eurasia collision. Science. 1975-08-08, 189 (4201): 419–426. doi:10.1126/science.189.4201.419.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 虢順民. 红河活动断裂带. 海洋出版社. 2001. ISBN 978-7-5027-5300-9 （中文）.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Xu, Yi-Gang; He, Bin; Chung, Sun-Lin; Menzies, Martin A.; Frey, Frederick A. Geologic, geochemical, and geophysical consequences of plume involvement in the Emeishan flood-basalt province. Geology. 2004, 32 (10): 917. doi:10.1130/G20602.1.
^ 哀牢山—红河构造带古新世以来多期活动的构造和年代学证据. 地質科學. Fri Apr 28 00:00:00 CST 2006, 41 (2): 291–310 [2024-09-14]. ISSN 0563-5020 （中文）. 請檢查|date=中的日期值 (幫助)
^ Leloup, P. H.; Arnaud, N.; Lacassin, R.; Kienast, J. R.; Harrison, T. M.; Trong, T. T. Phan; Replumaz, A.; Tapponnier, P. New constraints on the structure, thermochronology, and timing of the Ailao Shan‐Red River shear zone, SE Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 2001-04-10, 106 (B4): 6683–6732. doi:10.1029/2000JB900322.
^ Schoenbohm, Lindsay M.; Burchfiel, B. Clark; Liangzhong, Chen. Propagation of surface uplift, lower crustal flow, and Cenozoic tectonics of the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Geology. 2006, 34 (10): 813. doi:10.1130/G22679.1.
^ Wen, Xueze; Ma, Shengli; Fang, Lihua; Liang, Mingjian; Du, Fang; Long, Feng; Zhao, Xiaoyan. Complex structural fault system and distributed deformation across the Big Bend of the Red River fault, Yunnan, China. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 2022-12, 333: 106942. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2022.106942.
^ 徐鳴潔; 王良書, 劉建華, 鍾鍇, 李華, 胡德昭, 徐震. 利用接收函数研究哀牢山-红河断裂带地壳上地幔特征. 中國科學D輯: 地球科學. 2005, 35 (8): 729–737 [2024-09-14]. ISSN 1006-9267.
^ Hou, Zengqian; Wang, Qingfei; Zhang, Haijiang; Xu, Bo; Yu, Nian; Wang, Rui; Groves, David I; Zheng, Yuanchuan; Han, Shoucheng; Gao, Lei; Yang, Lin. Lithosphere architecture characterized by crust–mantle decoupling controls the formation of orogenic gold deposits. National Science Review. 2023-02-28, 10 (3). doi:10.1093/nsr/nwac257.
^ Wang, Weilai; Wu, Jianping; Fang, Lihua; Lai, Guijuan; Cai, Yan. Crustal thickness and Poisson's ratio in southwest China based on data from dense seismic arrays. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 2017-09, 122 (9): 7219–7235. doi:10.1002/2017JB013978.
^ Bai, Denghai; Unsworth, Martyn J.; Meju, Max A.; Ma, Xiaobing; Teng, Jiwen; Kong, Xiangru; Sun, Yi; Sun, Jie; Wang, Lifeng; Jiang, Chaosong; Zhao, Ciping; Xiao, Pengfei; Liu, Mei. Crustal deformation of the eastern Tibetan plateau revealed by magnetotelluric imaging. Nature Geoscience. 2010-05, 3 (5): 358–362. doi:10.1038/ngeo830.
^ Yu, Nian; Unsworth, Martyn; Wang, Xuben; Li, Dewei; Wang, Enci; Li, Ruiheng; Hu, Yuanbang; Cai, Xuelin. New Insights Into Crustal and Mantle Flow Beneath the Red River Fault Zone and Adjacent Areas on the Southern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau Revealed by a 3‐D Magnetotelluric Study. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 2020-10, 125 (10). doi:10.1029/2020JB019396.
^ Yu, Nian; Wang, Enci; Wang, Xuben; Kong, Wenxin; Li, Dewei; Li, Ruiheng. The Influence of the Ailaoshan‐Red River Shear Zone on the Mineralization of the Beiya Deposit on the Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau Revealed by a 3‐D Magnetotelluric Survey. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 2022-02, 127 (2). doi:10.1029/2021JB022923.
^ Wen, Xue-ze; Ma, Sheng-li; Xu, Xi-wei; He, Yong-nian. Historical pattern and behavior of earthquake ruptures along the eastern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan faulted-block, southwestern China. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 2008-05, 168 (1-2): 16–36. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2008.04.013.
^ Dong, Xingpeng; Yang, Dinghui. Positions of large earthquakes revealed from velocity heterogeneities and radial anisotropy in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Science Bulletin. 2022-10, 67 (20): 2026–2029. doi:10.1016/j.scib.2022.09.019.
^ 邵志剛; 武艷強, 季靈運, 刁法啟, 石富強, 李玉江, 龍鋒, 張輝, 朱良玉, 陳長雲, 王武星, 魏文薪, 王芃, 劉曉霞, 劉琦, 潘正洋, 尹曉菲, 劉月, 馮蔚, 鄒鎮宇, 曹建玲, 徐晶, 韓立波, 程佳, 魯人齊, 徐岳仁, 李西, 孫鑫喆. 中国大陆活动地块边界带主要断层的强震震间晚期综合判定. 地球物理學報. 2022, 65 (12): 4643–4658. doi:10.6038/cjg2022P0489.
^ 李西; 冉勇康, 陳立春, 王虎, 於江, 張彥琪, 謝英情. 红河断裂带南段全新世地震活动证据. 地震地質. 2016, 38 (3): 596–604 [2024-09-14].

[SSTe-2023-0239-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 李瑩; 高原. 地震各向异性与地质构造揭示的红河断裂带分段性. SCIENTIA SINICA Terrae. 2024-08-01, 54 (8): 2458–2477. doi:10.1360/SSTe-2023-0239.

[2] Yin, An; Harrison, T. Mark. Geologic Evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 2000-05, 28 (1): 211–280. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.211.

[3] Tapponnier, P.; Peltzer, G.; Le Dain, A. Y.; Armijo, R.; Cobbold, P. Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: New insights from simple experiments with plasticine. Geology. 1982, 10 (12): 611. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<611:PETIAN>2.0.CO;2.

[4] 闞榮舉; 王紹晉, 黃崐, 宋文. 中国西南地区现代构造应力场与板内断块相对运动. 地震地質. 1983, (2): 79–90 [2024-09-14].

[5] 許志琴, 王勤; XU Zhiqin, WANG Qin. 印度-亚洲碰撞：从挤压到走滑的构造转换. 地質學報. 2016-01-18, 90 (1): 1–23 [2024-09-14]. ISSN 0001-5717 （cn）.

[georev19990473-6] 6.0 ^6.1 鍾大賚, 張進江; Zhang Jinjiang, Zhong Dalai and Zhou Yong. 东南亚及哀牢山红河构造带构造演化的讨论. 地質論評: 337–344. [2024-09-14]. ISSN 0371-5736 （cn）.

[7] Molnar, P.; Tapponnier, P. Cenozoic Tectonics of Asia: Effects of a Continental Collision: Features of recent continental tectonics in Asia can be interpreted as results of the India-Eurasia collision. Science. 1975-08-08, 189 (4201): 419–426. doi:10.1126/science.189.4201.419.

[虢顺民-8] 8.0 ^8.1 虢順民. 红河活动断裂带. 海洋出版社. 2001. ISBN 978-7-5027-5300-9 （中文）.

[G20602.1-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Xu, Yi-Gang; He, Bin; Chung, Sun-Lin; Menzies, Martin A.; Frey, Frederick A. Geologic, geochemical, and geophysical consequences of plume involvement in the Emeishan flood-basalt province. Geology. 2004, 32 (10): 917. doi:10.1130/G20602.1.

[10] 哀牢山—红河构造带古新世以来多期活动的构造和年代学证据. 地質科學. Fri Apr 28 00:00:00 CST 2006, 41 (2): 291–310 [2024-09-14]. ISSN 0563-5020 （中文）. 請檢查|date=中的日期值 (幫助)

[11] Leloup, P. H.; Arnaud, N.; Lacassin, R.; Kienast, J. R.; Harrison, T. M.; Trong, T. T. Phan; Replumaz, A.; Tapponnier, P. New constraints on the structure, thermochronology, and timing of the Ailao Shan‐Red River shear zone, SE Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 2001-04-10, 106 (B4): 6683–6732. doi:10.1029/2000JB900322.

[12] Schoenbohm, Lindsay M.; Burchfiel, B. Clark; Liangzhong, Chen. Propagation of surface uplift, lower crustal flow, and Cenozoic tectonics of the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Geology. 2006, 34 (10): 813. doi:10.1130/G22679.1.

[13] Wen, Xueze; Ma, Shengli; Fang, Lihua; Liang, Mingjian; Du, Fang; Long, Feng; Zhao, Xiaoyan. Complex structural fault system and distributed deformation across the Big Bend of the Red River fault, Yunnan, China. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 2022-12, 333: 106942. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2022.106942.

[14] 徐鳴潔; 王良書, 劉建華, 鍾鍇, 李華, 胡德昭, 徐震. 利用接收函数研究哀牢山-红河断裂带地壳上地幔特征. 中國科學D輯: 地球科學. 2005, 35 (8): 729–737 [2024-09-14]. ISSN 1006-9267.

[15] Hou, Zengqian; Wang, Qingfei; Zhang, Haijiang; Xu, Bo; Yu, Nian; Wang, Rui; Groves, David I; Zheng, Yuanchuan; Han, Shoucheng; Gao, Lei; Yang, Lin. Lithosphere architecture characterized by crust–mantle decoupling controls the formation of orogenic gold deposits. National Science Review. 2023-02-28, 10 (3). doi:10.1093/nsr/nwac257.

[16] Wang, Weilai; Wu, Jianping; Fang, Lihua; Lai, Guijuan; Cai, Yan. Crustal thickness and Poisson's ratio in southwest China based on data from dense seismic arrays. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 2017-09, 122 (9): 7219–7235. doi:10.1002/2017JB013978.

[17] Bai, Denghai; Unsworth, Martyn J.; Meju, Max A.; Ma, Xiaobing; Teng, Jiwen; Kong, Xiangru; Sun, Yi; Sun, Jie; Wang, Lifeng; Jiang, Chaosong; Zhao, Ciping; Xiao, Pengfei; Liu, Mei. Crustal deformation of the eastern Tibetan plateau revealed by magnetotelluric imaging. Nature Geoscience. 2010-05, 3 (5): 358–362. doi:10.1038/ngeo830.

[18] Yu, Nian; Unsworth, Martyn; Wang, Xuben; Li, Dewei; Wang, Enci; Li, Ruiheng; Hu, Yuanbang; Cai, Xuelin. New Insights Into Crustal and Mantle Flow Beneath the Red River Fault Zone and Adjacent Areas on the Southern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau Revealed by a 3‐D Magnetotelluric Study. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 2020-10, 125 (10). doi:10.1029/2020JB019396.

[19] Yu, Nian; Wang, Enci; Wang, Xuben; Kong, Wenxin; Li, Dewei; Li, Ruiheng. The Influence of the Ailaoshan‐Red River Shear Zone on the Mineralization of the Beiya Deposit on the Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau Revealed by a 3‐D Magnetotelluric Survey. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 2022-02, 127 (2). doi:10.1029/2021JB022923.

[20] Wen, Xue-ze; Ma, Sheng-li; Xu, Xi-wei; He, Yong-nian. Historical pattern and behavior of earthquake ruptures along the eastern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan faulted-block, southwestern China. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 2008-05, 168 (1-2): 16–36. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2008.04.013.

[21] Dong, Xingpeng; Yang, Dinghui. Positions of large earthquakes revealed from velocity heterogeneities and radial anisotropy in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Science Bulletin. 2022-10, 67 (20): 2026–2029. doi:10.1016/j.scib.2022.09.019.

[22] 邵志剛; 武艷強, 季靈運, 刁法啟, 石富強, 李玉江, 龍鋒, 張輝, 朱良玉, 陳長雲, 王武星, 魏文薪, 王芃, 劉曉霞, 劉琦, 潘正洋, 尹曉菲, 劉月, 馮蔚, 鄒鎮宇, 曹建玲, 徐晶, 韓立波, 程佳, 魯人齊, 徐岳仁, 李西, 孫鑫喆. 中国大陆活动地块边界带主要断层的强震震间晚期综合判定. 地球物理學報. 2022, 65 (12): 4643–4658. doi:10.6038/cjg2022P0489.

[23] 李西; 冉勇康, 陳立春, 王虎, 於江, 張彥琪, 謝英情. 红河断裂带南段全新世地震活动证据. 地震地質. 2016, 38 (3): 596–604 [2024-09-14].

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