跳至內容

用戶:Hubble-3/first

維基百科,自由的百科全書
1898年威爾明頓大屠殺
美國重建時期以來社會、經濟和政治權力的轉移;白人至上主義
白種暴徒在被摧毀的每日記錄 (The Daily Record)報社前合影
位置威爾明頓 (北卡羅來納州)
日期1898年11月10日
目標
類型
武器
  • 加特林槍
  • 400多支私人槍支
死亡估計14-300名黑人居民被殺[1][2][3][4][5]
受害者
  • 大約2000名黑人平民流離失所
  • est. 20 Fusionists banished
  • 報社被燒毀
主謀
行兇者
參與人數
2,000
動機
攻擊的目的:(1) 推翻民選的種族融合政府
(2) 恢復美國內戰前時期種族等級制度英語Racial hierarchy

1898年威爾明頓大屠殺[6]是指在1898年11月10日,一場因為白人優越主義威爾明頓發起的大規模暴動和叛亂。[7]威爾明頓的白人媒體通常將其描述為一次因為黑人引起的種族暴亂(race riot英語race riot) 。20世紀末以來的研究認為該事件是一場政變,因為此事件中由一群白人至上主義者通過暴力推翻了正式選舉產生的政府。

政變由該州的白人民主黨人密謀並領導,最終目標是推翻威爾明頓合法選舉產生的種族融合政府。[a]他們將反對派黑人和白人政治領導人驅逐出該市,摧毀了自南北戰爭重建以來黑人公民的財產和企業,包括該市唯一的黑人主導的報紙,並殺害了約60至300多人。[2][3][4][5] 因此這件事被認為是美國歷史上唯一的此類事件(政變)[14][15],因為其他在美國重建時期的衝突並沒有導致民選政府被非政府人員所替代。


參考文獻

[編輯]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Collins, Lauren. A Buried Coup d'État in the United States. The New Yorker. September 19, 2016.  參數|newspaper=與模板{{cite magazine}}不匹配(建議改用{{cite news}}|magazine=) (幫助)
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Coates, Ta-Nehisi. Black Pathology Crowdsourced: Why we need historians in debates about today's cultures. April 4, 2014. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 John DeSantis, "Wilmington, N.C., Revisits a Bloody 1898 Day", The New York Times, pp. 1 and 33, June 4, 2006, accessed August 23, 2012
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 McCoury, Kent. Alfred Moore Waddell (1834–1912). North Carolina History Project. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Watson, Richard L. Jr. Lindsey Butler; Alan Watson , 編. Furnifold Simmons and the Politics of White Supremacy. In Race, Class and Politics in Southern History: Essays in Honor of Robert F. Durden, Jeffrey Crow et al (Louisiana State University Press). 1989. 
  6. ^ Waggoner, Martha. Marker calls 1898 violence a 'coup,' not a 'race riot'. ABC News. 5 November 2019 [8 November 2019] (英語). The state of North Carolina is moving away from using the phrase "race riot" to describe the violent overthrow of the Wilmington government in 1898 and is instead using the word "coup" on the highway historical marker that will commemorate the dark event. "You don't call it that anymore because the African Americans weren't rioting," said Ansley Herring Wegner, administrator of the North Carolina Highway Historical Marker Program. "They were being massacred." 
  7. ^ When white supremacists overthrew a government, [2019-09-08] (英語) 
  8. ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為Commission的參考文獻提供內容
  9. ^ Brent Staples. When Democracy Died in Wilmington, N.C.. The New York Times. 2006. 
  10. ^ How The Only Coup D'Etat In U.S. History Unfolded. National Public Radio. August 17, 2008. 
  11. ^ LaFrance, Adrienne; Newkirk, Vann R. II. The Lost History of an American Coup D'État. The Atlantic. August 12, 2017. 
  12. ^ LeRae Umfleet. Wilmington Race Riot. NCPedia. 2006. 
  13. ^ Ronnie W. Faulkner. The Wilmington Race riot – 1898. NC Office of Archives and History. 2010. 
  14. ^ Will Doran. White supremacists took over a city – now NC is doing more to remember the deadly attack. The News & Observer. January 1, 2018. 
  15. ^ Andrew Morgan Benton. The Press and the Sword: Journalism, Racial Violence, and Political Control in Postbellum North Carolina (PDF). North Carolina State University. 2006.