蠕蟲病
蠕蟲病 | |
---|---|
X射線圖像,以鋇作為造影劑,顯示南非某感染者小腸中的蛔蟲(一種蠕蟲) | |
類型 | 寄生蟲病、疾病 |
病因 | 感染 |
分類和外部資源 | |
醫學專科 | 傳染病科 |
ICD-11 | 1F90 |
ICD-9-CM | 120-129.99、128.9、128.8 |
DiseasesDB | 28826 |
蠕蟲病,也稱為蠕蟲感染,是人和其他動物一部分身體被寄生蠕蟲感染導致的一種巨噬細胞疾病。這些寄生蟲種類很多,大致分為絛蟲、吸蟲和線蟲。它們通常生活在宿主的胃腸道中,但也可能鑽入其他器官,引起生理損傷。
土源性蠕蟲病和血吸蟲病是最重要的蠕蟲病,屬於被忽視熱帶病[1]。2012年,世界領先的製藥工程和非政府組織共同啟動了一項名為「被忽視熱帶病倫敦宣言」的項目,旨在到2020年控制或根除某些被忽視的熱帶病[2]。
目前已發現蠕蟲病會導致嬰孩產出不良、認知發育不良、學業和工作表現不佳、社會經濟發展不良以及貧困[3][4]。其它次要影響包括慢性病、營養不良和貧血[5]。
土源性蠕蟲病是造成全世界四分之一的寄生蟲感染的原因[6]。此類病的一個典型例子是蛔蟲病。
跡象和症狀
[編輯]蠕蟲病的症狀取決於許多因素,包括感染部位、蠕蟲類型、蠕蟲數量、蠕蟲體積、傷害類型、免疫反應等。如果身體供給物質和能量給寄生蟲的負擔很輕,則可能沒有任何症狀。某些蠕蟲可能會導致特定的症狀,例如絛蟲可導致癲癇發作[7]。
質量和體積
[編輯]在腸道感染的極端情況下,蠕蟲的質量和體積如過大則可能導致腸壁外層(例如肌肉層)撕裂,進而可能導致腸道腹膜炎、腸扭轉和壞疽[8]。
免疫反應
[編輯]蠕蟲作為病原體可誘導產生免疫反應,皮膚、肺、肝、腸、中樞神經系統和眼睛可發生免疫介導炎症變化。身體免疫反應跡象可能包括水腫、關節炎和嗜酸性粒細胞增多[9]。例如蛔蟲幼蟲通過肺部支氣管遷移可引起哮喘[10]。
流行病學
[編輯]死亡
[編輯]每年有多達135,000人死於土源性蠕蟲病[3][11][12]。
1990至2013年全球疾病負擔研究估計血吸蟲病直接致死人數為5,500人[13],而2013年估計有超過20萬人死因與血吸蟲病有關[14]。此病另外還對2000萬人造成嚴重後果[15],是被忽視熱帶病中最致命的一種[16]。
參考資料
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