跳至內容

科學領域中的女性

維基百科,自由的百科全書

早在人類有書寫歷史之前,女性就在科學領域留下重大貢獻;研究性別與科學間關係的歷史學家已將女性在科學上投注的努力與成就、面臨的阻礙,所運用的策略化為文字,讓她們的貢獻成果能登上主流科學雜誌及其他出版品並且廣獲認可。此類議題的歷史、評論和社會學研究本身,如今已經獨立成為一門學科。

在早期的文明中,已留有女性投身醫學領域的紀錄,古希臘自然哲學也對女性廣開研究的大門。西元 1-2 世紀左右,就有記錄闡述女性在原始科學英語protoscience煉金術的表現,中世紀修道院是女性受教育的重要地點,有些修道院無形中也提供了機會,讓女性為學術做出研究與貢獻。11 世紀,最早的大學問世之初,大部分的女性並不待見進入大學之門[1];只有意大利的醫學領域對女性受教育的態度較其他地方更為自由,而首位在站上科學研究領域教壇的女性,正是 18 世紀的意大利科學家蘿拉·巴斯

雖然所謂的性別角色定義泰半是形成於 18 世紀後,但女性在科學領域的角色卻已經歷了飛躍性的進步。19 世紀,雖然女性仍被排除在大多數正規的科學教育之外,但與此同時,女性已漸漸躋身學術社會。19 世紀後期女子大學興起,提供了女性受教權與科學領域職業的機會。1903 年,瑪麗·居禮成為首位諾貝爾獎(物理學)的女性獲獎人,1911 年,瑪麗再度獲得諾貝爾(化學)獎,二者都是基於她在輻射研究上的重大貢獻而頒發。1901-2010年有 40 位女性獲得諾貝爾獎,其中 17 位是物理學化學生理學或醫學等科學領域貢獻而獲獎。[2]邱柏弟母牛

17 世紀以前

[編輯]
  • 梅里特·普塔英語Merit Ptah,活躍時期約為西元前 27 世紀,是當時古埃及的主治醫師[3],也是人類史上最早的女醫師。[4][5]
  • 塔普提,西元前11世紀巴比倫香水製造師,普遍認為是世界上第一位化學家。[6]
  • 希帕提婭,活躍時期約為西元 400 年左右,是希臘化古埃及的希臘哲學家、天文學家數學家[7],公認為首位名留青史的女性數學家。[8]
  • 薩萊諾的特洛塔(Trota of Salerno)、Trotula de Ruggiero (名字的其他拼寫方式為 Trotula、Trotta、 Trocta 或 Troctula),活躍時期約為西元 11 世紀,意大利的沙列諾醫校(現為沙列諾大學英語University of Salerno)女醫師,著有《女性疾病(De passionibus mulierum curandarum, Trotula Major)》,詳細介紹了女性懷孕、生產、產後護理及新生兒的照護等資訊,此書在 15 世紀成為廣泛採用的教科書。[9]
  • 赫德嘉·馮·賓根(德語:Hildegard von Bingen,天主教譯名為聖賀德佳, 聖公會譯名為聖希爾德格,1098年-1179年9月17日),德國的博學家,活躍於西元 11 世紀中,在醫學及藥草學上貢獻卓越,被視為德國藥草學之祖。[10]
  • 瑪麗亞·西碧拉·梅里安,又譯瑪麗亞·西比拉·梅里安(德語:Maria Sibylla Merian,1647年4月2日-1717年1月3日),生於德國的瑞士博物學家和科學插畫家,專司研究植物和昆蟲並進行詳細的描繪記錄,1705年發表《蘇里南的昆蟲變態》(Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium)。基於她對蝴蝶變態及發育的細心觀察與筆記,被譽為是昆蟲學早期最重要的貢獻者之一。[11]

18 世紀

[編輯]

19 世紀

[編輯]

20 世紀

[編輯]

21世紀

[編輯]

參考文獻

[編輯]
  1. ^ Whaley, Leigh Ann. Women's History as Scientists. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, INC. 2003.
  2. ^ Nobel Prize Awarded Women. [2018-05-12]. (原始內容存檔於2008-09-28). 
  3. ^ Hope Jahren. The Best American Science and Nature Writing 2017. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2017: 312. ISBN 9781328715517. 
  4. ^ Michael E. Moran. Urolithiasis: A Comprehensive History. Springer Science & Business Media. 2013: 411. ISBN 9781461481966. 
  5. ^ Robert F. Phalen. Core Ethics for Health Professionals: Principles, Issues, and Compliance. Springer. 2017: 77. ISBN 9783319560908. 
  6. ^ Zing Tsjeng. Don’t forget Tapputi-Belatekallim. Cosmos (Australian magazine)英語Cosmos (Australian magazine). 2018-03-15 [2023-01-17]. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-28). 
  7. ^ Donovan, Sandy. Hypatia: Mathematician, Inventor, and Philosopher. Capstone. 2008. ISBN 9780756537609 (英語). 
  8. ^ Deakin 2012.
  9. ^ 『醫學の歴史』ルチャーノ・ステルペローネ(著)小川煕(訳)原書房、(2009年)
  10. ^ Jöckle, Clemens. Encyclopedia of Saints. Konecky & Konecky. 2003: 204. 
  11. ^ Kristensen, Niels P. Historical Introduction. Kristensen, Niels P. (編). Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies: Evolution, Systematics and Biogeography. Volume 4, Part 35 of Handbuch der Zoologie:Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches. Arthropoda: Insecta. Walter de Gruyter. 1999: 1 [2010-11-30]. ISBN 978-3-11-015704-8. (原始內容存檔於2012-11-03). 
  12. ^ Zinsser, Judith (2006). La Dame d'Esprit: A Biography of Marquise Du Chatelet. New York: Viking, p177. ISBN 0670038008.
  13. ^ Hagengruber, Ruth, editor (2011) Émilie Du Châtelet between Leibniz and Newton. Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-2074-9.
  14. ^ Laura Bassi. MacTutor Biography. University of St Andrews. [2013-01-30]. (原始內容存檔於2017-12-18). 
  15. ^ Logan, Gabriella Berti. Women And The Practice And Teaching Of Medicine In Bologna In The Eighteenth And Early Nineteenth Centuries." Bulletin Of The History Of Medicine 77.3 (2003): 506-535. History of Science, Technology & Medicine. Web. 3 June 2013.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey. Women in science: antiquity through the nineteenth century : a biographical dictionary with annotated bibliography 3rd print. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 1986: 27. ISBN 0-262-15031-X. 
  17. ^ Grier, David Alan. The First Anticipated Return: Halley's Comet 1758. When Computers Were Human. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2005: 11–25 [2018-03-31]. ISBN 0-691-09157-9. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-24). 
  18. ^ Haines 2001,第35頁.
  19. ^ Dunmore, John, Monsieur Baret: First Woman Around the World, Heritage Press, 2002, ISBN 0-908708-54-8 
  20. ^ Ridley, Glynis, The Discovery of Jeanne Baret, Crown Publisher New York, 2010, ISBN 0-307-46352-4 
  21. ^  Chisholm, Hugh (編). Dashkov, Catherina Romanovna Vorontsov, Princess. Encyclopædia Britannica 7 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press: 844. 1911. 
  22. ^ Brock, Claire. The Comet Sweeper: Caroline Herschel's Astronomical Ambition. Icon. 2007-01-01. ISBN 9781840467208 (英語). 
  23. ^ Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey. Women in Science: Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century. MIT Press. 1986: 97–98. ISBN 0-262-65038-X. 
  24. ^ Jane Marcet. Science History Institute. [2018-03-21]. (原始內容存檔於2018-12-01). 
  25. ^ Morse, Elizabeth J. "Marcet, Jane Haldimand (1769–1858)頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, September 2004). Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  26. ^ Del Centina 2008,第373頁.
  27. ^ 180年前的暢銷科普書. [2018-06-16]. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-16) (中文(繁體)). 
  28. ^ Review of On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences by Mrs. Sommerville. The Quarterly Review. March 1834, 51: 54–68. 
  29. ^ Susan A. Kirch & Michele Amoroso. Being and Becoming Scientists Today: Reconstructing Assumptions about Science and Science Education to Reclaim a Learner–Scientist Perspective. Springer. 2016: 29. ISBN 9789463003490. 
  30. ^ Arianrhod, Robyn. What sort of science do we want?. OUPblog. Oxford University Press. 2012-11-29 [2012-11-29]. (原始內容存檔於2012-12-01). 
  31. ^ Five British heroes overlooked by history. BBC News. 17 November 2009 [5 May 2010]. (原始內容存檔於2017-08-14). 
  32. ^ 第17096號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 1816-01-02. 
  33. ^ 第17106號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 1816-02-03. 
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 Pain, Stephanie. The 'male' military surgeon who wasn't. NewScientist.com. 6 March 2008 [16 March 2008]. (原始內容存檔於2008-03-14). 
  35. ^ Burwick, Frederick; Goslee, Nancy Moore; Hoeveler, Diane Long (編). The encyclopedia of Romantic literature. Chichester, West Sussex [England]: Wiley-Blackwell. 2012 [2016-03-02]. ISBN 9781405188104. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-07). 
  36. ^ Mary Anning. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2018-03-07]. (原始內容存檔於2018-03-10). 
  37. ^ Dean 1999,第58ff頁
  38. ^ Cadbury 2000,第101頁
  39. ^ Anonymous 1828
  40. ^ Emling 2009,第48–50, 88頁
  41. ^ Phillips, Ana Lena. Crowdsourcing Gender Equity: Ada Lovelace Day, and its companion website, aims to raise the profile of women in science and technology. American Scientist. November–December 2011, 99 (6): 463 [2018-04-20]. (原始內容存檔於2018-03-23). 
  42. ^ Ada Lovelace honoured by Google doodle. The Guardian. 2012-12-10 [2012-12-10]. (原始內容存檔於2018-03-23). 
  43. ^ Mrs. Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace. IT History Society. 2015-12-21 [2017-12-21]. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-15) (英語). 
  44. ^ Maria Mitchell (1818-1889). National Women’s History Museum. [November 1, 2012]. (原始內容存檔於2015-12-21). 
  45. ^ Maria Mitchell Discovers a Comet. This Month in Physics History. American Physical Society. [2012-11-01]. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-15). 
  46. ^ Maria Mitchell Biography. Biography. [2017-01-15]. (原始內容存檔於2018-03-22) (英語). 
  47. ^ 為什麼不能有女醫生?美國第一位女醫生的故事. 文化部-兒童文化館. [2018-09-21]. (原始內容存檔於2018-09-21) (中文(臺灣)). 
  48. ^ Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell's Graduation: An Eye-Witness Account by Margaret Munro De Lancey (PDF). Hobart and William Smith Colleges. [2017-10-01]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2003-12-12). 
  49. ^ Collins, Stacy B.; Haydock, Robert; Blackwell, Elizabeth; Blackwell, Emily; Zakrzewska, Maria E. An appeal in behalf of the medical education of women. New York: New York Infirmary for Women. [2018-09-21]. (原始內容存檔於2017-01-21). 
  50. ^ Sahli, Nancy Ann. Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D., (1871–1910): A Biography. New York: Arno Press. 1982. ISBN 0-405-14106-8. 
  51. ^ Boyd, Julia. The Excellent Doctor Blackwell: The Life of the First Woman Physician. Thistle Publishing. 2013. ISBN 9781909609785. 
  52. ^ Harvey 1997,第66頁
  53. ^ Manton, pp. 162–163
  54. ^ Manton, pp. 241–243
  55. ^ Manton, p. 308
  56. ^ Manton, pp. 193–195
  57. ^ Garrett, Agnes (1845–1935), interior designer and suffragist | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. [2018-07-11]. (原始內容存檔於2018-07-11) (英語). 
  58. ^ David John Cole; Eve Browning; Fred E. H. Schroeder. Encyclopedia of Modern Everyday Inventions. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2003: 100– [2019-02-17]. ISBN 978-0-313-31345-5. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-10). 
  59. ^ Spotlight | National Inventors Hall of Fame. Invent.org. 2013-11-21 [2016-05-29]. (原始內容存檔於2016-08-14). 
  60. ^ Jex-Blake, Sophia. Who's Who. Vol. 59. 1907: 938–939. 
  61. ^ Lutzker, Edythe. Women Gain a Place in Medicine. New York: McGraw Hill. 1969: 149. 
  62. ^ Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women: From the Earliest Times to 2004, by Elizabeth Ewan, Sue Innes and Sian Reynolds
  63. ^ 63.0 63.1 瑪莉.普特南.雅可比──醫學專業的社會改革者 - PanSci 泛科學. PanSci 泛科學. 2016-08-30 [2018-06-08]. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-02) (中文(臺灣)). 
  64. ^ Cannon, Annie J. WILLIAMINA PATON FLEMING. Science. June 1911, 33 (861): 987–988 (June 30, 1911). Bibcode:1911Sci....33..987C. PMID 17799863. doi:10.1126/science.33.861.987. 
  65. ^ TR Center - Dr. Kin Yamei, the Chinese immigrant experience, and the future of tofu. www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org. [2020-03-26]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-01). 
  66. ^ "Chinese Women Doctors"頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館New York Times (July 21, 1915): 20.
  67. ^ 金韻梅:將豆腐帶到西方的中國醫生. [2020-08-27]. (原始內容存檔於2020-03-04). 
  68. ^ Pilon, Mary. Monopoly’s Inventor: The Progressive Who Didn’t Pass ‘Go’. New York Times. 2015-02-13 [2015-02-14]. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-21). Elizabeth Magie was born in Macomb, Ill., in 1866 ... Her father, James Magie, was a newspaper publisher and an abolitionist who accompanied ... 
  69. ^ Obituary頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Birmingham Post-Herald, June 29, 1953
  70. ^ United States Patent 743,801, Issue Date: November 10, 1903
  71. ^ Women Hold Patents on Important Inventions; USPTO recognizes inventive women during Women's History Month頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), United States Patent and Trademark Office press release #02-16, March 1, 2002, accessed March 3, 2009
  72. ^ Spotlight | National Inventors Hall of Fame. Invent.org. 2013-11-21 [2016-05-28]. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-05). 
  73. ^ Marie Curie - Facts. [2018-03-31]. (原始內容存檔於2018-01-18). 
  74. ^ 莉澤.邁特納──散發人性光輝的核子物理學家- PanSci 泛科學. PanSci 泛科學. 2016-11-07 [2016-11-07]. (原始內容存檔於2016-11-07) (中文(臺灣)). 
  75. ^ Leavitt, Henrietta Swan (1868-1921) | The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography - Credo Reference. search.credoreference.com. [2018-03-22]. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-12) (英語). 
  76. ^ 76.0 76.1 Dr. Myrtelle May Canavan頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) National Library of Medicine: Changing the Face of Medicine: Physicians. Accessed July 21, 2009.
  77. ^ Lehmann, I. (1936): P', Publications du Bureau Central Seismologique International, Série A, Travaux Scientifique, 14, 87–115.
  78. ^ Cantrell, Mark. Amazing Grace: Rear Adm. Grace Hopper, USN, was a pioneer in computer science. Military Officer 12 (3) (Military Officers Association of America). March 2014: 52–55, 106 [2014-03-01]. (原始內容存檔於2014-11-29).  參數|magazine=與模板{{cite news}}不匹配(建議改用{{cite magazine}}|newspaper=) (幫助)
  79. ^ Historian. Grace Hopper - The Mother of Cobol. 2018-12-06 [2019-01-18]. (原始內容存檔於2019-01-19). 
  80. ^ Edison to Puskas, November 13, 1878, Edison papers, Edison National Laboratory, U.S. National Park Service, West Orange, N.J., cited in Thomas P. Hughes, American Genesis: A History of the American Genius for Invention, Penguin Books, 1989, ISBN 0-14-009741-4, on page 75.
  81. ^ Alexander Magoun and Paul Israel. Did You Know? Edison Coined the Term "Bug". IEEE: The Institute. 2013-08-23 [2013-08-27]. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-04). 
  82. ^ DDT. United States Environmental Protection Agency. [November 4, 2007]. (原始內容存檔於October 22, 2007). 
  83. ^ Hynes 1989,第3頁
  84. ^ Hynes 1989,第8–9頁
  85. ^ LISA. *** 1. webcache.googleusercontent.com. [2018-08-27]. 
  86. ^ Gladys Hobby - Vassar College Encyclopedia - Vassar College. vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu. [2018-08-27]. (原始內容存檔於2018-08-27) (英語). 
  87. ^ 87.0 87.1 吳健雄基金會-吳健雄學術基金會-Wu Chien-Shiung Scholarship Foundation. wcscamp-register.com. [2018-08-31]. (原始內容存檔於2014-01-29). 
  88. ^ 吳健雄基金會-吳健雄學術基金會-Wu Chien-Shiung Scholarship Foundation. wcscamp-register.com. [2018-08-31]. (原始內容存檔於2014-01-16). 
  89. ^ Whitney, A. K. The Black Female Mathematicians Who Sent Astronauts to Space. 2015 [2016-09-10]. (原始內容存檔於2018-07-05). 
  90. ^ 90.0 90.1 Smith, Yvette. Katherine Johnson: The Girl Who Loved to Count. NASA. 2015-11-24 [2016-02-12]. (原始內容存檔於2019-02-12). Her calculations proved as critical to the success of the Apollo Moon landing program and the start of the Space Shuttle program, as they did to those first steps on the country's journey into space. 
  91. ^ 91.0 91.1 Katherine G. Johnson Biography. Biography.com. 2016-10-10 [2017-01-15]. (原始內容存檔於2018-08-31). 
  92. ^ Shetterly, Margot Lee. Katherine Johnson Biography. NASA. NASA. 2016-12-01 [2017-03-02]. (原始內容存檔於2018-09-08). As a part of the preflight checklist, Glenn asked engineers to 'get the girl'—Katherine Johnson—to run the same numbers through the same equations that had been programmed into the computer, but by hand, on her desktop mechanical calculating machine. [...] When asked to name her greatest contribution to space exploration, Katherine Johnson talks about the calculations that helped synch Project Apollo's Lunar Lander with the moon-orbiting Command and Service Module. 
  93. ^ Katherine Coleman Goble Johnson. School of Mathematics & Statistics University of St Andrews, UK. School of Mathematics & Statistics University of St Andrews, UK. [2017-03-01]. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-22). Excerpt from W. Warren, Katherine Coleman Goble Johnson, in Black Women Scientists in the United States (Indiana University Press, 1999), 140–147. 
  94. ^ Makers Profile: Katherine G. Johnson. Makers. [2015-05-24]. (原始內容存檔於2018-01-05). 
  95. ^ Sloat, Sarah. 'Hidden Figures' Gives NASA Mathematicians Long Overdue Movie. Inverse.com. 2016-08-15 [2017-01-15]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-19). 
  96. ^ Loff, Sarah. Katherine Johnson Biography. NASA. 2016-11-22 [2017-02-01]. (原始內容存檔於2018-09-08) (英語). 
  97. ^ Gutman, David. West Virginian of the Year: Katherine G. Johnson. Charleston Gazette-Mail. 2015-12-26 [2016-02-12]. (原始內容存檔於2017-08-27). 
  98. ^ Ford, Knatokie. Honoring NASA's Katherine Johnson, STEM Pioneer. Blog, The White House. 2015-11-30 [2016-02-12]. (原始內容存檔於2017-01-10). 
  99. ^ 2016 "BBC 100 Women 2016: Who is on the list?"頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), BBC News, November 21, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  100. ^ 米沢(2009) pp.28-39
  101. ^ 米沢(2009) p.38
  102. ^ 女性科学者の先駆 猿橋勝子氏|東邦大学 ダイバーシティ推進センター. www.danjo.toho-u.ac.jp. [2018-08-31]. (原始內容存檔於2018-08-31) (日語). 
  103. ^ 一般財団法人「女性科学者に明るい未来をの会」. www.saruhashi.net. [2018-08-31]. (原始內容存檔於2018-08-30) (日語). 
  104. ^ Loff, Sarah. Mary Jackson Biography. NASA. 2016-11-22 [2017-02-02]. (原始內容存檔於2017-02-04). 
  105. ^ Lewis, Shawn D. The Professional Woman: Her Fields Have Widened. Ebony (Johnson Publishing Company). August 1977, 32 (10). ISSN 0012-9011. 
  106. ^ Shetterly, Margot Lee. Mary Jackson Biography. NASA. [2017-01-15]. (原始內容存檔於2018-05-27). 
  107. ^ Inventor Marie Van Brittan Brown born | African American Registry. www.aaregistry.org. [2016-02-22]. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-01). 
  108. ^ Citation conferring an Honorary Doctor of Science degree on Stephanie Louise Kwolek. University of Delaware. UDaily. 2008-05-31 [2009-05-24]. (原始內容存檔於2009年5月24日). 
  109. ^ McFadden, Robert D. Evelyn Berezin, 93, Dies; Built the First True Word Processor. New York Times. 2018-12-10 [2018-12-18]. (原始內容存檔於2021-11-07). 
  110. ^ Word processor pioneer dies aged 93. BBC News. 2018-12-12 [2018-12-12]. (原始內容存檔於2021-11-16) (英國英語). 
  111. ^ Evelyn Berezin. [2020-08-20]. (原始內容存檔於2015-02-02). 
  112. ^ Camila Domonske. Evelyn Berezin, Computer Scientist Behind Groundbreaking Word Processor, Dies At 93. National Public Radio. 2018-12-12 [2018-12-13]. (原始內容存檔於2021-11-06). 
  113. ^ 這些重大發明有一個共性:都是女性的傑作. 2017-09-14 [2020-01-18]. (原始內容存檔於2018-03-15) (英國英語). 
  114. ^ World of Health. Gale Group. 2000. 
  115. ^ World of Microbiology and Immunology. Gale. 2003. 
  116. ^ Hirshberg, Charles. My Mother, the Scientist. Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. 2002-04-18 [2018-09-28]. (原始內容存檔於2015-09-28). 
  117. ^ 公視 飛越20000系列 之 世紀女性.台灣第一. web.pts.org.tw. [2019-04-07]. (原始內容存檔於2017-02-14). 
  118. ^ 118.0 118.1 118.2 王執明 教授. web.gl.ntu.edu.tw. [2019-04-07]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-07) (中文(臺灣)). 
  119. ^ Ohta, Tomoko. Slightly Deleterious Mutant Substitutions in Evolution. Nature. 1973-11-09, 246 (5428): 96–98. PMID 4585855. doi:10.1038/246096a0. 
  120. ^ The Name “United States of America”<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">1</xref>. The American Historical Review. 1925-10 [2018-09-01]. ISSN 1937-5239. doi:10.1086/ahr/31.1.79. (原始內容存檔於2022-12-05). 
  121. ^ Editors, History com. World-renowned primatologist Dian Fossey is found murdered in Rwanda. HISTORY. [July 21, 2020]. (原始內容存檔於July 21, 2020) (英語). 
  122. ^ 122.0 122.1 Galdikas, Birute Mary. The Vanishing Man of the Forest. The New York Times. January 6, 2007 [2013-12-08]. (原始內容存檔於2019-08-22). 
  123. ^ 123.0 123.1 Morell, V. Called "'Trimates,' Three Bold Women Shaped Their Field. Science. April 16, 1993, 260 (5106): 420–425. PMID 17838264. doi:10.1126/science.260.5106.420. 
  124. ^ 124.0 124.1 The Biography Channel. Jane Goodall Biography. 2010 [28 July 2010]. (原始內容存檔於10 August 2010). 
  125. ^ Holloway, M. (1997) Profile: Jane Goodall – Gombe's Famous Primate, Scientific American 277(4), 42–44.
  126. ^ Jane in the Forest Again. National Geographic. April 2003 [17 November 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2017-12-25). 
  127. ^ 中時電子報. 王瑜 首位女科學家任中研院副院長. 中時電子報. [2018-07-22]. (原始內容存檔於2018-07-23) (中文(臺灣)). 
  128. ^ 128.0 128.1 128.2 第二屆台灣傑出女科學家獎/討厭背東西 王瑜捨藥學戀化學 - 生活 - 自由時報電子報. [2018-07-22]. (原始內容存檔於2018-07-22). 
  129. ^ 王瑜. www.iams.sinica.edu.tw. [2018-07-22]. (原始內容存檔於2018-07-22). 
  130. ^ 130.0 130.1 Zafar, Dr. Yusuf and Ghaffar, Dr. Abdul. Obituary - DR. AZRA QURAISHI (1945-2002)". Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2003, 35 (1): 1-2 [2019-04-04]. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-16). 
  131. ^ Norman Borlaug Award for Dr. Azra Quraishi (includes her profile also). PARC News (Pakistan Agricultural Research Council). October 1999, 19 (10) [20 March 2020]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-04). 
  132. ^ Birute Galdikas - Faculty of Environment - Simon Fraser University. www.sfu.ca. [2021-07-30]. (原始內容存檔於2021-07-30). 
  133. ^ Galdikas-Brindamour, Birutė. Orangutans, Indonesia's "People of the Forest". National Geographic Magazine 148 (4). October 1975: 444–473. 
  134. ^ de Waal, Frans. The Loneliest of Apes. The New York Times. January 1995 [2021-07-31]. (原始內容存檔於2013-05-04). 
  135. ^ Svitil, Kathy A. The 50 Most Important Women in Science. Discover Magazine. Kalmbach Publishing Co. [2014-12-15]. (原始內容存檔於2018-12-21). 
  136. ^ Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates Jr, Henry Louis. Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Oxford University Press. 2005-03-16: 333 [2018-12-21]. ISBN 9780195170559. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-08) (英語). 
  137. ^ New York Times staff. Biography of Shirley Ann Jackson, Ph.D.. The New York Times. 2003-07-21 [2017-03-01]. (原始內容存檔於2017-03-01). 
  138. ^ Borrell, Brendan. Speaking Out on the "Quiet Crisis" (PDF). Scientific American. 2011-12-01: 94–99 [2017-03-01]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-03-01) (英語). 
  139. ^ Jackson, Shirley Ann. National Women’s Hall of Fame. [2018-12-21]. (原始內容存檔於2018-12-21) (美國英語). 
  140. ^ "Shirley Ann Jackson, Leader in Higher Education and Government, to Receive the Vannevar Bush Award" 互聯網檔案館存檔,存檔日期2016-03-03. NSF. March 27, 2007.
  141. ^ List of Fellows. [2018-12-21]. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-08). 
  142. ^ A Patient talks about being treated in a landmark breast cancer clinical trial more than a dozen years ago. Institute for Stem Cell Biology
    and Regenerative Medicine. [2018-10-06]. (原始內容存檔於2019-05-03).
     
  143. ^ Bellis, Mary. Ann Tsukamoto - The Stem Cell Research of Ann Tsukamoto. theinventors.org. [2018-03-30]. (原始內容存檔於2018-04-10). 
  144. ^ TMWA - 人物專訪【張美惠教授】. www.tmwa.com.tw. [2018-07-16]. (原始內容存檔於2016-10-23). 
  145. ^ 145.0 145.1 張美惠教授專訪|台大醫院. INVESTIGATOR. 2011-06-23 [2018-07-17]. (原始內容存檔於2018-07-11) (美國英語). 
  146. ^ 張美惠跑遍全台宣導大便卡 「像苦行僧」 | 元氣網. 元氣網. [2018-07-17]. (原始內容存檔於2018-07-17). 
  147. ^ 張美惠. library.taiwanschoolnet.org. [2018-07-17]. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-24) (中文(臺灣)). 
  148. ^ 中央大學新聞網 News Network. ncusec.ncu.edu.tw. [2019-04-03]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-03). 
  149. ^ 中央大學新聞網 News Network. ncusec.ncu.edu.tw. [2019-04-03]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-03). 
  150. ^ 國立中央大學物理系. www.phy.ncu.edu.tw. [2019-04-03]. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-15). 
  151. ^ 理化學研究所 広報室 報道擔當 2013.
  152. ^ 理研、目の難病にiPS細胞で世界初の手術. 読売新聞. 2014-09-12 [2014-09-12]. (原始內容存檔於2014-09-12). 
  153. ^ 英誌ネイチャー「今年の10人」理研の高橋氏選ぶiPS、初の網膜移植. 日本経済新聞. 2014-12-18 [2014-12-20]. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-27). 
  154. ^ 合田祿. 理研の高橋政代さん、英誌ネイチャー「今年の10人」に. 朝日新聞. 2014-12-18 [2014-12-20]. (原始內容存檔於2019-05-22). 
  155. ^ 365 days: Nature's 10 - Ten people who mattered this year. -. 2014-12-17 [2014-12-20]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-20).  (英文)
  156. ^ 國立中央大學地球科學學系. www.gep.ncu.edu.tw. [2019-02-24]. (原始內容存檔於2018-05-01). 
  157. ^ 改寫世界地震理論的台灣女科學家:馬國鳳. [2018-03-24]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-04). 
  158. ^ Ma, Kuo-Fong; Lin, Yen-Yu; Lee, Shiann-Jong; Mori, Jim; Brodsky, Emily E. Isotropic Events Observed with a Borehole Array in the Chelungpu Fault Zone, Taiwan. Science. 2012-07-27, 337 (6093): 459–463 [2019-02-24]. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22837526. doi:10.1126/science.1222119. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-04) (英語). 
  159. ^ 改寫世界地震理論的台灣女科學家:馬國鳳. [2018-03-24]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-04). 
  160. ^ 你是強震的高風險族群嗎? - 報導者 The Reporter. www.twreporter.org. [2019-02-24]. (原始內容存檔於2019-02-24) (中文(臺灣)). 
  161. ^ Zona, Kathleen. NASA - Biography of Olga D. Gonzalez-Sanabria. www.nasa.gov. [2019-02-13]. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-07) (英語). 
  162. ^ Global, C. P. A. World-changing Women Innovators | OLGA D GONZALEZ-SANABRIA. www.cpaglobal.com. [2019-02-13]. (原始內容存檔於2019-02-14) (英國英語). 
  163. ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 (PDF). [2018-10-12]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-10-03). 
  164. ^ 諾貝爾化學獎出現第5位女性得主!英美3學者共享殊榮. 自由時報/即時新聞. 2018-10-03 [2018-10-12]. (原始內容存檔於2018-10-07). 
  165. ^ https://www.ch.ntu.edu.tw/nobel/2018.html頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) 2018年諾貝爾化學獎中文介紹
  166. ^ [ 黃美秀 ] Mei-Hsiu Hwang - 野生動物保育研究所. wildmic.npust.edu.tw. [2017-10-27]. (原始內容存檔於2018-03-10) (中文(臺灣)). 
  167. ^ 【民報】不一樣的媽媽/因為「毋甘」,動物學家黃美秀又多了一個身分「黑熊媽媽」. www.peoplenews.tw. [2018-12-08]. (原始內容存檔於2018-12-09) (中文(臺灣)). 
  168. ^ 全台首座「黑熊教育館」 黑熊媽媽:別再有斷掌熊. 蘋果日報. [2018-12-08] (中文(臺灣)). 
  169. ^ 黑熊媽媽:破除熊追人迷思. 蘋果日報. [2018-12-08] (中文(臺灣)). 
  170. ^ Stories of sexual harassment against women in Antarctica highlight issue in science industry. ABC News. 2015-05-04 [2016-06-03]. (原始內容存檔於2016-05-30) (澳大利亞英語). 
  171. ^ Newsletter Issue II (PDF). womeninpolarscience.org. Women in Polar Science. December 2015 [2016]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-03-31). 
  172. ^ Southern Exposure. ABC.com.au. 2015-05-05 [2016-06-03]. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-19). 
  173. ^ King George Island's research stations. www.abc.net.au. ABC News. [2016-06-30]. (原始內容存檔於2017-05-10). 
  174. ^ Antarctica – Southern Exposure. abc.net.au. ABC. [2016-06-03]. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-19). 
  175. ^ Annual Report (PDF). eng.kopri.re.kr. Korea Polar Research Institute. 2015 [2016]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-08-15). 
  176. ^ Curriculum Vitae: Sarah Tuttle (PDF). astrotuttle.files.wordpress.com. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於3 May 2019). 
  177. ^ Hill, Gary J.; Tuttle, Sarah E.; Vattiat, Brian L.; et al. VIRUS: first deployment of the massively replicated fiber integral field spectrograph for the upgraded Hobby-Eberly Telescope. Proceedings of SPIE. 2016-08-09: 99081H. doi:10.1117/12.2231064. 
  178. ^ Milliard, Bruno; Martin, D. Christopher; Schiminovich, David; Evrard, Jean; Matuszewski, Matt; Rahman, Shahinur; Tuttle, Sarah; et al. FIREBALL: the Faint Intergalactic medium Redshifted Emission Balloon: overview and first science flight results. Proceedings of SPIE. 2010-07-16, 7732: 773205 [2018-07-02]. doi:10.1117/12.857850. (原始內容存檔於2018-07-02) (英語). 
  179. ^ Tuttle, Sarah. July 27th: Astronomical Ballooning – Or, What Goes Up Must Come Down. 365 Days of Astronomy (Columbia University Astronomy Podcast). 2009-07-27 [2018-07-02]. (原始內容存檔於2018-07-03) (美國英語). 
  180. ^ Sarah Tuttle. user.astro.columbia.edu. [2018-07-02]. (原始內容存檔於2018-07-01) (英語). 
  181. ^ Tuttle, Sarah. Astronomical community: The power of being counted. Nature Astronomy. 2017-06-02, 1 (6). doi:10.1038/s41550-017-0154. 
  182. ^ Sarah Tuttle (@niais) | Twitter. twitter.com. [2019-05-06] (英語). 
  183. ^ Kit Chapman [@ChemistryKit]. Btw: to those who have said that no expert has said Clarice Phelps is the first African American woman to discover an element... Hi. I literally *wrote the book* on the history of transuranium element discovery. I've met all the teams. She is the first African American woman. (推文). 1 May 2019 –透過Twitter. 

參考資料

[編輯]

相關條目

[編輯]