海麒麟總科

海麒麟總科
	Doris odhneri（英語：Doris odhneri）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	軟體動物門 Mollusca
綱：	腹足綱 Gastropoda
目：	裸鰓目 Nudibranchia
亞目：	海牛亞目 Doridina
下目：	海牛下目 Doridoidei
總科：	海麒麟總科 Doridoidea; Rafinesque, 1815
科
	見內文
異名
	見內文 Cryptobranchia; Eudoridoidea; Labiostomata;

海麒麟總科（學名：Doridoidea），或作海蛞蝓總科、海牛總科或隱鰓海牛超科^[2]，是海牛亞目海牛下目之下四個總科級分類級別之一，在生物分類學屬於裸鰓目（舊作隱鰓目）的海洋腹足綱軟體動物^[1]。

語源

海牛總科的學名源於海牛屬；而海牛屬的學名Doris又源於希臘神話的海怪寧芙多里斯。

分類

1997年分類

根據1997年《旁得和林德伯格的腹足類分類》所列出的分類，海牛總科亦作仿海牛總科，是後生腹足下綱後鰓目裸鰓亞目類花鰓類次目（Anthobranchia Férussac, 1819）的成員，包括下列四個科^[3]。

總科仿海牛總科 Doridoidea Rafinesque, 1815
總科 Doridoxoidea Bergh, 1900
總科 Onchidoridoidea Alder & Hancock, 1845
總科 Polyceroidea Alder & Hancock, 1845

2005年分類

在2005年《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》，現在的海牛下目在當時只是有角鰓類海牛亞目之下的一個亞支序，包括下列四個總科與科^[1]。

海麒麟科（英語：Dorididae） Dorididae
Family Actinocyclidae
多彩海麒麟科 Chromodorididae^[4]
圓盤海麒麟科（英語：Discodorididae） Discodorididae

2005年之後的變更

Cadlinidae科 Bergh, 1891在2005年的分類被視為多彩海麒麟科的異名^[1]；但在R.F. Johnson (2011)的研究^[5]顯示Cadlina並不屬於多彩海麒麟科，所以這個屬不應再歸屬於多彩海麒麟科，而是應該獨立成為一個科。而多彩海麒麟科在踢走了Cadlina之後成為了單系群，很可能是Actinocyclidae的姊妹分類單元。2017年《布歇特等人的腹足類分類》亦加入了這個修訂^[6]。

科

截至2018年7月9日 (2018-07-09)^[update]，WoRMS紀錄本總科包括下列五個科^[7]：

Family Actinocyclidae O'Donoghue, 1929
Family Cadlinidae Bergh, 1891
多彩海麒麟科 Chromodorididae Bergh, 1891^[4]
圓盤海麒麟科（英語：Discodorididae） Discodorididae Bergh, 1891
海麒麟科（英語：Dorididae） Dorididae Rafinesque, 1815
科地位未定
- Subfamily Miamirinae Bergh, 1891

Cadlina luteomarginata of Cadlinidae
Goniobranchus geminus of Chromodorididae
Diaulula nobilis of Discodorididae
Doris montereyensis of Dorididae

異名

以下各科被認為是其他科的異名。這些名字有時亦會在部分文獻裏出現^[7]：

Family Aldisidae Odhner, 1939 accepted as Cadlinidae Bergh, 1891
Family Archidorididae Bergh, 1891 accepted as Dorididae Rafinesque, 1815
Subfamily Cadlinellinae Odhner, 1934 accepted as Chromodorididae Bergh, 1891
Family Ceratosomatidae Gray, 1857 accepted as Chromodorididae Bergh, 1891 (Under Art. 23.9, declared nomen oblitum by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
Subfamily Conualeviinae Collier & Farmer, 1964 accepted as Dorididae Rafinesque, 1815
Family Diaululidae Bergh, 1891 accepted as Discodorididae Bergh, 1891
Subfamily Doriprismaticinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858 accepted as Chromodorididae Bergh, 1891 (Under Art. 23.9, declared nomen oblitum by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
Family Echinochilidae Odhner, 1968 accepted as Cadlinidae Bergh, 1891
Family Geitodorididae Odhner, 1968 accepted as Discodorididae Bergh, 1891
Family Glossodorididae O'Donoghue, 1924 accepted as Chromodorididae Bergh, 1891
Family Gruveliidae Thiele, 1931 accepted as Discodorididae Bergh, 1891
Family Halgerdidae Odhner, 1926 accepted as Discodorididae Bergh, 1891
Subfamily Inudinae Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1967 accepted as Cadlinidae Bergh, 1891
斑刺海麒麟科 Kentrodorididae Bergh, 1891^[4]現時被視為圓盤海麒麟科（Discodorididae Bergh, 1891）的異名；
Subfamily Lissodoridinae Odhner, 1968 accepted as Chromodorididae Bergh, 1891
Subfamily Neodoridinae Odhner, 1968 accepted as Dorididae Rafinesque, 1815
Family Platydorididae Bergh, 1891 accepted as Discodorididae Bergh, 1891
Family Rostangidae Pruvot-Fol, 1951 accepted as Discodorididae Bergh, 1891
Subfamily Thorunninae Odhner, 1926 accepted as Chromodorididae Bergh, 1891

以下分類單元曾被認為是異名，現在重新使用：

星被海牛科 Asteronotidae Thiele, 1931
Baptodorididae Odhner, 1926

跟原來的隱鰓目的差異

隱鰓目被認為是海牛總科的異名： Cryptobranch dorid nudibranchs (previously known as the taxon Cryptobranchia), are nudibranch sea slugs within the clade Doridacea. These slugs are called "cryptobranch," meaning "hidden gill", because they are able to retract their gills into a gill pocket, in contrast to nudibranchs in the traditional group phanerobranchs (or Phanerobranchia), which taxon is probably paraphyletic (in other words, composed of more than one evolutionary lineage).

A. Valdés distinguishes two major clades within the Cryptobranchia: the dorids that have no radula (the Porostomata); and those with a radula (the Labiostomata). The Labiostomata include the monophyletic families: Actinocyclidae, Chromodorididae, Dorididae and Discodorididae.

The cryptobranchs include the following genera that are regarded as valid :

Doris Linnaeus, 1758
Asteronotus Ehrenberg, 1831
Atagema J. E. Gray, 1850
團鰓海牛屬 Jorunna Bergh, 1876
Discodoris Bergh, 1877
Platydoris Bergh, 1877
Thordisa Bergh, 1877
Diaulula Bergh, 1878
Aldisa Bergh, 1878
Rostanga Bergh, 1879*
Aphelodoris Bergh, 1879
Halgerda Bergh, 1880
Peltodoris Bergh, 1880
Hoplodoris Bergh, 1880
Paradoris Bergh, 1884
Baptodoris Bergh, 1884
Geitodoris Bergh, 1891
Gargamella Bergh, 1894
Alloiodoris Bergh, 1904
Sclerodoris Eliot, 1904
Otinodoris White, 1948
Taringa Er. Marcus, 1955
Sebadoris Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1960
Conualevia Collier & Farmer, 1964
Thorybopus Bouchet, 1977
Goslineria Valdés, 2001
Pharodoris Valdés, 2001
Nophodoris Valdés & Gosliner, 2001.

註釋

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.
^ 深海傑克魚. 裸鰓目-海牛亞目-隱鰓海牛超科-多彩科-Hypselodoris sp.. 2009-06-20 [2018-07-11] （中文（繁體））.
^ Ponder, Winston; Lindberg, David R. Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs; an analysis using morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1997, 119 (2): 83–265. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00137.x （英語）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 譚天錫; 白振宇; 夏國經. 台灣沿海產裸鰓目軟體動物相的分布調查. 貝類學報 (中華民國貝類學會). 1987, 13: 71–90 （中文（繁體））.
^ Johnson, R.F. Breaking family ties: taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Zoologica Scripta. 2011, 40 (2): 137–157. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00457.x （英語）.
^ Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1–2): 1–526. OCLC 7296100651. S2CID 91051256. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (編). Doridoidea Rafinesque, 1815. MolluscaBase. 2010-10-16 [2018-07-09] –透過WoRMS.

參考文獻

VALDÉS, ÁNGEL. Preliminary Molecular Phylogeny of the Radula-less Dorids (GASTROPODA: OPISTHOBRANCHIA), Based on 16S mtDNA Sequence Data. J. Molluscan Stud. 2003, 69 (1): 75–80 [2018-07-09]. doi:10.1093/mollus/69.1.75. （原始內容存檔於2005-12-14）.
Valdés, Angel. A phylogenetic analysis and systematic revision of the cryptobranch dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Anthobranchia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (London: The Linnean Society of London). 2002, 136 (4): 535–536. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00039.x. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-19）.
Valdés, A. A phylogenetic analysis and systematic revision of the cryptobranch dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Anthobranchia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Blackwell Publishing). 2002, 136 (4): 535–536 [2010-03-08]. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00039.x. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-09）.

外部連結

維基物種上的相關資訊：海麒麟總科

[Bouchet_2005-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.

[flickr-2] 深海傑克魚. 裸鰓目-海牛亞目-隱鰓海牛超科-多彩科-Hypselodoris sp.. 2009-06-20 [2018-07-11] （中文（繁體））.

[Ponder_1997-3] Ponder, Winston; Lindberg, David R. Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs; an analysis using morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1997, 119 (2): 83–265. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00137.x （英語）.

[shelldoc_000161-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 譚天錫; 白振宇; 夏國經. 台灣沿海產裸鰓目軟體動物相的分布調查. 貝類學報 (中華民國貝類學會). 1987, 13: 71–90 （中文（繁體））.

[Johnson_2011-5] Johnson, R.F. Breaking family ties: taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Zoologica Scripta. 2011, 40 (2): 137–157. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00457.x （英語）.

[Bouchet_2017-6] Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1–2): 1–526. OCLC 7296100651. S2CID 91051256. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201.

[WoRMS_173-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (編). Doridoidea Rafinesque, 1815. MolluscaBase. 2010-10-16 [2018-07-09] –透過WoRMS.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]