扎伊納布·賓特·阿里
扎伊納布·賓特·阿里（阿拉伯語：زَيْنَب بِنْت عَلِيّ，約公元626-682年）是伊斯蘭先知穆罕默德的外孫女，父親是阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜，母親是法蒂瑪。[1][2][3]她的兄弟侯賽因·本·阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜和大多數男性親屬被倭馬亞哈里發穆阿維葉一世的軍隊屠殺。[4]戰後，她被俘虜並押送至大馬士革[5]。什葉派信徒每年都會紀念她的逝世。她的安息之所位於大馬士革以南約15公里處的清真寺，這是敘利亞境內最大和最重要的什葉派聖地。[6]
姓名和稱號
[編輯]阿拉伯語中"zaynab"的字面意思是"父親的裝飾"。[7][8]她也被稱為扎伊納布·庫布拉（Zaynab al-Kubra，意為"年長的宰娜卜"），以區別於她的妹妹烏姆·庫勒蘇姆或宰娜卜·蘇格拉（Umm Kulthum，Zaynab al-Sughra，意為"年幼的扎伊納布"）。扎伊納布的另一個稱號是阿基拉圖·巴尼·哈希姆（Aqilatu Bani Hashim，意為"哈希姆家族的智者"）[9]，其中"al-aqila"一詞字面意思是"隱居者"或"珍珠"。由於她在卡爾巴拉事件中的角色，她也被稱為巴塔拉圖·卡爾巴拉（Batalatu al-Karbala，意為"卡爾巴拉的女英雄"）。[10]有時她被稱為賽義達（al-Sayyida，意為"女士"）[11]，在埃及則被稱為塔希拉（al-Tahira，意為"純潔者"）和烏姆·亞塔瑪（Umm al-Yatama，意為"孤兒之母"）。
出生和早年生活
[編輯]扎伊納布是法蒂瑪和阿里·本·阿比·塔利布的第三個孩子，也是他們的長女。[12]法蒂瑪是伊斯蘭先知穆罕默德的女兒，而阿里是穆罕默德的堂兄。阿里也被認為是第四位正統哈里發（統治期656-661年）和什葉派的第一位伊瑪目。她的出生年份在不同的文獻中也有不同的說法，有的說是伊歷4-6年（公元626-628年），也有的說是伊歷9年（公元631年）。[13]什葉派穆斯林每年在伊歷朱馬達·阿瓦勒月的第5天慶祝她的生日。[14]穆罕默德非常喜愛他的孫女，她的名字是由她的祖父選擇的，據說這個名字來自神的啟示。[15]據說她出生時，天使加百列曾預言穆罕默德她將有艱難的一生。什葉派的文獻也強調年輕的扎伊納布對她的兄弟侯賽因的深厚感情。與她的父母和兩個兄弟（哈桑和侯賽因）不同，扎伊納布並不屬於十二伊瑪目什葉派中的十四位無罪者之一。然而，由於她是在無罪者的環境中長大的，在十二伊瑪目什葉派中仍被認為具有"次級無罪性"。[16]
穆罕默德和法蒂瑪之死(632年)
[編輯]穆罕默德於632年去世,扎伊娜布因此在幼年就失去了祖父。[17]當穆罕默德的家人準備安葬時,一群穆斯林聚集在薩基法,任命資深同伴艾布·伯克爾為繼任者。[18]他們這樣做時,穆罕默德的家人和大多數遷士(麥加穆斯林)都不在場。[19]阿里、法蒂瑪和一些支持者不承認艾布·伯克爾的哈里發地位,聲稱穆罕默德已任命阿里為繼任者,並提到穆罕默德去世前不久的加迪爾·胡姆事件。薩基法事件後不久,另一位穆罕默德的同伴歐麥爾據說率領一群武裝人員來到阿里的住所,威脅如果阿里和他的支持者不向艾布·伯克爾宣誓效忠就放火燒屋。[20][21][22]對峙隨後變得暴力,但暴徒最終在未能獲得阿里宣誓的情況下撤退。[23] 法蒂瑪在同年去世,距穆罕默德去世不到六個月,年僅約18或27歲。[24]什葉派伊斯蘭教堅稱,她流產並死於一次針對她房屋的襲擊所造成的傷害,[25][26]這次襲擊旨在制服阿里,由艾布·伯克爾煽動並由其助手歐麥爾領導。遜尼派穆斯林否認這些說法,他們認為法蒂瑪是因穆罕默德去世後的悲傷而死,她的孩子則是在嬰兒期因自然原因夭折的。[27][28]扎伊娜布因此在大約5歲時失去了母親。[29]
參考資料
[編輯]- ^ Sayeed, A. (2008). "Zaynab". In Smith, B.G. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195337860.
- ^ Syed Zameer Akhtar Naqvi, Allama Dr. Princess Zainab-e-Kubra and History of Country Syria (Shahzadi Zainabe Kubra aur Tareekh-e-Mulk-e-Sham). Karachi, Pakistan: Markz-e-Uloom-e-Islamia (Center for Islamic Studies). 2012: 28–49 （烏爾都語）.
- ^ Nisar Ahmed Zainpuri, Akbar Asadi, Mehdi Raza』í. Namoona-e-Sabr (Zainab) translation from Persian to Urdu. Qum, Iran: Ansarian Publications. 2002: 257. ISBN 964-438-399-0 （波斯語）.
- ^ Momen, M. (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300035315.
- ^ Nematollahi Mahani, M.A. (2013). The Holy Drama: Persian Passion Play in Modern Iran. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789400600348.
- ^ Nematollahi Mahani, M.A. (2013). The Holy Drama: Persian Passion Play in Modern Iran. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789400600348.
- ^ Qutbuddin 2005, p. 9938.
- ^ Adibzadeh 2013, p. 37.
- ^ Adibzadeh 2013, p. 37.
- ^ Esposito 2003.
- ^ Blomfield 2010, p. 306.
- ^ Sayeed, A. (2008). "Zaynab". In Smith, B.G. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195337860.
- ^ Sayeed, A. (2008). "Zaynab". In Smith, B.G. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195337860.
- ^ Momen, M. (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300035315.
- ^ Qutbuddin, T. (2005). "Zaynab bint 'Alī". In Jones, L. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 14 (Second ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 9937–9939. ISBN 002865983X.
- ^ Szanto, E. (2012). "Sayyida Zaynab in the State of Exception: Shi'i Sainthood as 'Qualified Life' in Contemporary Syria". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 44 (2): 285–299.
- ^ Esposito, J.L., ed. (2022). "Zaynab". The Islamic World: Past and Present. Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197669471.
- ^ Walker, A.H. (2014). "Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (c. 573–634)". In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–4. ISBN 9781610691789.
- ^ Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521561817.
- ^ Fedele, V. (2018). "Fatima (605/15–632 CE)". In de-Gaia, S. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. ISBN 9781440848506.
- ^ Buehler، AF (2014). «فاطمه (متوفی 632)» . در فیتزپاتریک، کولی؛ واکر، ق (ویرایش‌ها). محمد در تاریخ، اندیشه و فرهنگ: دایره المعارف پیامبر خدا . جلد 1. ABC-CLIO. ص 182– 187. شابک 9781610691789.
- ^ کورتز، دی. Calderini, S. (2006). زنان و فاطمیون در جهان اسلام (چاپ اول). انتشارات دانشگاه ادینبورگ شابک 9780748626298.
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- ^ Fedele, V. (2018). "Fatima (605/15–632 CE)". In de-Gaia, S. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. ISBN 9781440848506.
- ^ Abbas, H. (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The life of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057.
- ^ Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012c). "Fāṭima". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0217. ISBN 9789004161214.
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