鼻喉親緣性

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鼻喉親緣性指喉音和鼻音化間的聯繫。這一概念由詹姆斯·馬提索夫在1975年提出。^[1]^:265–287^[2]^:44–62

咽化和鼻化的產生在聲學上有聯繫，可從反共振峰和時頻譜中看出。這是因為兩個音都有相離的共振：發鼻音時，口腔和鼻音均共振；發喉音時，會厭以下的空間和口腔發生共振。

雖然奉語中沒有成音位的鼻化元音，但/h/後的元音還是會發生強烈的鼻化。相似的現象出現在皮拉罕語中，/h/和/ʔ/後元音會鼻化。美式英語中存在這種音變，比如肯尼迪將哈佛大學讀作[hɑ̃ːvəd]。^[3]^:61–62

鼻喉親緣性在古拉蓋語群伊諾爾語的歷時變化中能明顯觀察到。伊諾爾語有鼻化元音，這對古拉蓋語言來說很不尋常。許多時候，鼻化元音出現在歷史上曾是喉音或咽音的位置。^[4]鼻喉親緣性在古拉蓋語外也能觀察到。^[5]^:13–24相似的過程還發生於愛爾蘭語、^[6]^:109–132巴斯克語、^[7]^:635–663中北部黎語^[8]和紐勒語，班圖語*p變成/ŋ/，而不是像其他盧希亞語那樣變成/h/。

阿維斯陀語也展現出鼻喉親緣性的影響：原始印度-伊朗語*s一般在阿維斯陀語中對應h，但在a/ā和r、i̯、u̯或a/ā間時卻是軟齶鼻音。例子有aŋra「邪惡」(梵語asra)、aŋhat̰「他可能是」(梵語ásat)和vaŋ́hō「更好」(梵語vasyas)。^[9]^:36–37

鼻喉親緣性也可能出現在咽音上，不是聲門音獨有。例如，科伊科伊語xárà「狐獴」和科威語xánà「縞獴」(鼻音和非鼻化搭嘴音也體現出類似的對應)間的對應可能就是原始科伊語中的元音咽化。

另見

清鼻化聲門近音

參考

^ Matisoff, James A. Rhinoglottophilia: The Mysterious Connection between Nasality and Glottality. Ferguson, Charles A.; Hyman, Larry M.; Ohala, John J. (編). Nasálfest: Papers from a Symposium on Nasals and Nasalization, Universals Language Project, Stanford University, Stanford. 1975.
^ Sprigg, Richard Keith. 'Rhinoglottophilia' re-visited: observations on 'the mysterious connection between nasality and glottality'. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 1987, 10 (1).
^ Childs, G. Tucker. An Introduction to African Languages. John Benjamins. 2003. ISBN 9789027295880.
^ Boivin, Robert. Spontaneous nasalization in Inor. Hudson, Grover (編). Essays on Gurage language and Culture. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 1996: 2133. ISBN 9783447038300.
^ Ahland, Michael. Nasal spreading, rhinoglottophilia and the genesis of a non-etymological nasal consonant in Mesmes. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 2006.
^ Ó Maolalaigh, Roibeard. Processes in nasalization and related issues. Ériu. 2003, 53.
^ Igartua, Iván. Diachronic effects of rhinoglottophilia, symmetries in sound change, and the curious case of Basque. Studies in Language. 2015, 39 (3). doi:10.1075/sl.39.3.04iga.
^ Norquest, Peter K. A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai. Ph.D. dissertation. Tucson: Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona. 2007 [2021-06-20]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-03）.
^ Martínez, Javier; de Vaan, Michiel. Introduction to Avestan. 由Ryan Sandell翻譯. Leiden: Brill. 2014. ISBN 978-90-04-25809-9.

[1] Matisoff, James A. Rhinoglottophilia: The Mysterious Connection between Nasality and Glottality. Ferguson, Charles A.; Hyman, Larry M.; Ohala, John J. (編). Nasálfest: Papers from a Symposium on Nasals and Nasalization, Universals Language Project, Stanford University, Stanford. 1975.

[2] Sprigg, Richard Keith. 'Rhinoglottophilia' re-visited: observations on 'the mysterious connection between nasality and glottality'. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 1987, 10 (1).

[3] Childs, G. Tucker. An Introduction to African Languages. John Benjamins. 2003. ISBN 9789027295880.

[4] Boivin, Robert. Spontaneous nasalization in Inor. Hudson, Grover (編). Essays on Gurage language and Culture. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 1996: 2133. ISBN 9783447038300.

[5] Ahland, Michael. Nasal spreading, rhinoglottophilia and the genesis of a non-etymological nasal consonant in Mesmes. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 2006.

[6] Ó Maolalaigh, Roibeard. Processes in nasalization and related issues. Ériu. 2003, 53.

[7] Igartua, Iván. Diachronic effects of rhinoglottophilia, symmetries in sound change, and the curious case of Basque. Studies in Language. 2015, 39 (3). doi:10.1075/sl.39.3.04iga.

[8] Norquest, Peter K. A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai. Ph.D. dissertation. Tucson: Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona. 2007 [2021-06-20]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-03）.

[9] Martínez, Javier; de Vaan, Michiel. Introduction to Avestan. 由Ryan Sandell翻譯. Leiden: Brill. 2014. ISBN 978-90-04-25809-9.

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