植物雌激素
植物雌激素（英語：Phytoestrogen）是指由植物產生的環境雌激素（Xenoestrogen 或 Environmental estrogen）。[1]能干擾內分泌系統，造成雌激素或抗雌激素作用。植物雌激素並非必須營養素[2]。
人類效果
[編輯]目前有關植物雌激素對人類的效果的證據都很弱。[3]
女性
[編輯]對於女性，目前不知道植物雌激素是否有任何防癌或促癌作用。[1][4]流行病學研究提示可能有防乳腺癌作用。[1][4][5]其他流行病學研究指出乳腺癌患者食用植物雌激素是安全的，並似乎可以降低死亡率和復發率。[1][6][7]不清楚植物雌激素是否可以降低卵巢切除、更年期等情況所致的低雌激素有關症狀。[4]考科藍合作組織對於以植物雌激素緩解停經的血管舒縮症狀（潮熱）綜述認為，沒有確鑿證據表明使用這些藥物有任何益處，但是應進一步研究染料木素的效應。[8]
男性
[編輯]植物雌激素是否對男性生理有影響尚不明確，關於源自大豆的異黃酮的潛在影響存在相互矛盾的研究結果。[1]一些研究表明，異黃酮補充對精子濃度、數量、活動性有積極影響，並增加射精量。[9][10]西方國家精子數量下降和睾丸癌發病率上升可能與胎兒期飲食中異黃酮類植物雌激素含量較高有關，但這種聯繫尚未被明確證實。[11]此外，雖然有一些證據表明植物雌激素可能影響男性生育能力，但更近期對現有研究的綜述發現並無關聯，[12][13]反而表明像地中海飲食這樣的健康飲食可能對男性生育能力有積極影響。[13]研究表明，異黃酮或大豆都不會影響健康個體的男性生殖激素。[12][14]
嬰兒配方奶粉
[編輯]一些研究發現，某些濃度的異黃酮可能會影響腸道細胞。在低劑量下，染料木黃酮作為弱雌激素刺激細胞生長；在高劑量下，它抑制增殖並改變細胞周期動力學。這種雙相反應與染料木黃酮被認為發揮作用的方式相關。[15]
一些綜述認為需要更多研究來回答植物雌激素對嬰兒可能產生什麼影響的問題，[16][17]但其作者沒有發現任何不良影響。研究結論表明，與傳統牛奶配方奶粉相比，食用大豆基配方奶粉對人類生長、發育或生殖沒有不良影響。[18][19][20] 美國兒科學會聲明：「雖然分離大豆蛋白基配方奶粉可用於提供正常生長發育所需的營養，但很少有情況需要用其替代牛奶基配方奶粉。這些情況包括：(a)患有半乳糖血症和遺傳性乳糖酶缺乏（罕見）的嬰兒，以及(b)偏好素食飲食的情況」。[21]
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Isoflavones. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis. October 2016 [6 August 2022].
- ^ Yildiz F. Phytoestrogens in Functional Foods. Taylor & Francis Ltd. 2005: 3–5, 210–211. ISBN 978-1-57444-508-4.
- ^ Domínguez-López, Inés; Yago-Aragón, Maria; Salas-Huetos, Albert; Tresserra-Rimbau, Anna; Hurtado-Barroso, Sara. Effects of Dietary Phytoestrogens on Hormones throughout a Human Lifespan: A Review. Nutrients. August 2020, 12 (8): 2456. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 7468963
. PMID 32824177. doi:10.3390/nu12082456 （英語）.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bilal I, Chowdhury A, Davidson J, Whitehead S. Phytoestrogens and prevention of breast cancer: The contentious debate. World Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2014, 5 (4): 705–12. PMC 4129534 . PMID 25302172. doi:10.5306/wjco.v5.i4.705 .
- ^ Ingram D, Sanders K, Kolybaba M, Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. Lancet. Oct 1997, 350 (9083): 990–4. PMID 9329514. S2CID 12158051. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)01339-1.
- ^ Shu XO, Zheng Y, Cai H, Gu K, Chen Z, Zheng W, Lu W. Soy food intake and breast cancer survival. JAMA. Dec 2009, 302 (22): 2437–43. PMC 2874068 . PMID 19996398. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1783.
- ^ Fritz H, Seely D, Flower G, Skidmore B, Fernandes R, Vadeboncoeur S, Kennedy D, Cooley K, Wong R, Sagar S, Sabri E, Fergusson D. Soy, red clover, and isoflavones and breast cancer: a systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (11): e81968. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881968F. PMC 3842968 . PMID 24312387. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081968 .
- ^ Lethaby A, Marjoribanks J, Kronenberg F, Roberts H, Eden J, Brown J. Phytoestrogens for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013, 2013 (12): CD001395. PMC 10247921 . PMID 24323914. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001395.pub4.
- ^ Dabrowski WM. Toxins in Food. CRC Press Inc. 2004: 95. ISBN 978-0-8493-1904-4.
- ^ Mitchell JH, Cawood E, Kinniburgh D, Provan A, Collins AR, Irvine DS. Effect of a phytoestrogen food supplement on reproductive health in normal males. Clinical Science. Jun 2001, 100 (6): 613–8. PMID 11352776. doi:10.1042/CS20000212.
- ^ Patisaul HB, Jefferson W. The pros and cons of phytoestrogens. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 2010, 31 (4): 400–19. PMC 3074428 . PMID 20347861. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.03.003.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Messina, Mark; Mejia, Sonia Blanco; Cassidy, Aedin; Duncan, Alison; Kurzer, Mindy; Nagato, Chisato; Ronis, Martin; Rowland, Ian; Sievenpiper, John; Barnes, Stephen. Neither soyfoods nor isoflavones warrant classification as endocrine disruptors: a technical review of the observational and clinical data. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2021-03-27, 62 (21): 5824–5885. ISSN 1040-8398. PMID 33775173. S2CID 232408113. doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1895054 .
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Nassan, Feiby L.; Chavarro, Jorge E.; Tanrikut, Cigdem. Diet and men's fertility: does diet affect sperm quality?. Fertility and Sterility. 2018-09-01, 110 (4): 570–577. ISSN 0015-0282. PMID 30196939. S2CID 52179133. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.025 （English）.
- ^ Reed KE, Camargo J, Messina M. Neither soy nor isoflavone intake affects male reproductive hormones: An expanded and updated meta-analysis of clinical studies. Reproductive Toxicology. 2020, 100: 60–67. PMID 33383165. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.12.019 .
- ^ Chen AC, Donovan SM. Genistein at a concentration present in soy infant formula inhibits Caco-2BBe cell proliferation by causing G2/M cell cycle arrest. The Journal of Nutrition. Jun 2004, 134 (6): 1303–8. PMID 15173388. doi:10.1093/jn/134.6.1303 .
- ^ Miniello VL, Moro GE, Tarantino M, Natile M, Granieri L, Armenio L. Soy-based formulas and phyto-oestrogens: a safety profile. Acta Paediatrica. Sep 2003, 91 (441): 93–100. PMID 14599051. S2CID 25762109. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00655.x.
- ^ Chen A, Rogan WJ. Isoflavones in soy infant formula: a review of evidence for endocrine and other activity in infants. Annual Review of Nutrition. 2004, 24 (1): 33–54. PMID 15189112. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.101603.064950.
- ^ Strom BL, Schinnar R, Ziegler EE, Barnhart KT, Sammel MD, Macones GA, Stallings VA, Drulis JM, Nelson SE, Hanson SA. Exposure to soy-based formula in infancy and endocrinological and reproductive outcomes in young adulthood. JAMA. Aug 2001, 286 (7): 807–14. PMID 11497534. doi:10.1001/jama.286.7.807 .
- ^ Giampietro PG, Bruno G, Furcolo G, Casati A, Brunetti E, Spadoni GL, Galli E. Soy protein formulas in children: no hormonal effects in long-term feeding. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. Feb 2004, 17 (2): 191–6. PMID 15055353. S2CID 43304969. doi:10.1515/JPEM.2004.17.2.191.
- ^ Merritt RJ, Jenks BH. Safety of soy-based infant formulas containing isoflavones: the clinical evidence. The Journal of Nutrition. May 2004, 134 (5): 1220S–1224S. PMID 15113975. doi:10.1093/jn/134.5.1220S .
- ^ Bhatia J, Greer F. Use of soy protein-based formulas in infant feeding. Pediatrics. May 2008, 121 (5): 1062–8. PMID 18450914. S2CID 1482728. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0564.
