岩蓋

岩蓋（英語：Laccolith）是一種片狀的侵入體（或是一致的深成岩體）。它侵入到了沉積岩層內或層之間；當母岩為火山岩時，該岩蓋被稱為隱形穹（cryptodomes）^[1]。由於岩漿的壓力足夠高，以致上覆岩層被迫向上並隆起，從而使岩蓋在並具有基本平坦的底部的同時頂部呈圓拱或蘑菇狀（也可能為圓錐形或楔形）。隨著時間的流逝，侵蝕可能會使岩蓋的頂部周圍形成小山甚至山巒，因為岩漿岩可能比作為基質的沉積岩更能抵抗風化。當岩漿向上侵入時，岩蓋的生長可能在幾個月的時間里發生^[2]^[3] 。而由於多個岩漿脈彼此疊加使基岩變形時，岩蓋的形成則可能需要數百或數千年的時間^[4]。

參考資料

^ Burchardt, Steffi; Mattsson, Tobias; Palma, J. Octavio; Galland, Olivier; Almqvist, Bjarne; Mair, Karen; Jerram, Dougal A.; Hammer, Øyvind; Sun, Yang. Progressive Growth of the Cerro Bayo Cryptodome, Chachahuén Volcano, Argentina—Implications for Viscous Magma Emplacement. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 2019-08-14, 124 (8): 7934–7961. Bibcode:2019JGRB..124.7934B. ISSN 2169-9313. doi:10.1029/2019JB017543.
^ Castro, Jonathan M.; Cordonnier, Benoit; Schipper, C. Ian; Tuffen, Hugh; Baumann, Tobias S.; Feisel, Yves. Rapid laccolith intrusion driven by explosive volcanic eruption. Nature Communications. December 2016, 7 (1): 13585. Bibcode:2016NatCo...713585C. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5123016 . PMID 27876800. doi:10.1038/ncomms13585.
^ Mattsson, Tobias; Burchardt, Steffi; Almqvist, Bjarne S. G.; Ronchin, Erika. Syn-Emplacement Fracturing in the Sandfell Laccolith, Eastern Iceland—Implications for Rhyolite Intrusion Growth and Volcanic Hazards. Frontiers in Earth Science. 2018-02-05, 6: 5. Bibcode:2018FrEaS...6....5M. ISSN 2296-6463. doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00005.
^ Morgan, Sven; Stanik, Amy; Horsman, Eric; Tikoff, Basil; de Saint Blanquat, Michel; Habert, Guillaume. Emplacement of multiple magma sheets and wall rock deformation: Trachyte Mesa intrusion, Henry Mountains, Utah. Journal of Structural Geology. April 2008, 30 (4): 491–512. Bibcode:2008JSG....30..491M. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2008.01.005.

Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy, 1996, Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic, 2nd ed., pp. 13–15, Freeman, ISBN 0-7167-2438-3
Jules D. Friedman and Curtis Huffman, Jr., coordinators, "Laccolith Complexes of Southeastern Utah: Time of Emplacement and Tectonic Setting -- Workshop Proceedings" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, United States Geological Survey Bulletin 2158, 1998.
Hyndman, D. W. and D. Alt "Radial Dikes, Laccoliths, and Gelatin Models." ' 'Journal of Geology. 95:763-774.

外部連結

維基詞典中的詞條「岩蓋」

[1] Burchardt, Steffi; Mattsson, Tobias; Palma, J. Octavio; Galland, Olivier; Almqvist, Bjarne; Mair, Karen; Jerram, Dougal A.; Hammer, Øyvind; Sun, Yang. Progressive Growth of the Cerro Bayo Cryptodome, Chachahuén Volcano, Argentina—Implications for Viscous Magma Emplacement. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 2019-08-14, 124 (8): 7934–7961. Bibcode:2019JGRB..124.7934B. ISSN 2169-9313. doi:10.1029/2019JB017543.

[2] Castro, Jonathan M.; Cordonnier, Benoit; Schipper, C. Ian; Tuffen, Hugh; Baumann, Tobias S.; Feisel, Yves. Rapid laccolith intrusion driven by explosive volcanic eruption. Nature Communications. December 2016, 7 (1): 13585. Bibcode:2016NatCo...713585C. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5123016 . PMID 27876800. doi:10.1038/ncomms13585.

[3] Mattsson, Tobias; Burchardt, Steffi; Almqvist, Bjarne S. G.; Ronchin, Erika. Syn-Emplacement Fracturing in the Sandfell Laccolith, Eastern Iceland—Implications for Rhyolite Intrusion Growth and Volcanic Hazards. Frontiers in Earth Science. 2018-02-05, 6: 5. Bibcode:2018FrEaS...6....5M. ISSN 2296-6463. doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00005.

[4] Morgan, Sven; Stanik, Amy; Horsman, Eric; Tikoff, Basil; de Saint Blanquat, Michel; Habert, Guillaume. Emplacement of multiple magma sheets and wall rock deformation: Trachyte Mesa intrusion, Henry Mountains, Utah. Journal of Structural Geology. April 2008, 30 (4): 491–512. Bibcode:2008JSG....30..491M. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2008.01.005.

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閱論編火山
火山種類	破火山口火山渣錐混合火山裂縫噴發口熔岩錐（英語：Lava cone）火山穹丘低平火山口泥火山寄生火山錐火山碎屑錐（英語：Pyroclastic cone）火山碎屑盾狀火山盾狀火山外輪山火山複式火山冰下火山海底火山超級火山火山錐火山場冰火山
火山岩	噴出岩集塊岩安山岩玄武岩玄武安山岩歪長粗面岩（英語：Benmoreite）沸斑岩英安岩霏細岩科馬提岩安粗岩霞石岩黑曜岩響岩流紋英安岩流紋岩粗面岩粗面安山岩粗面玄武岩凝灰岩暗色岩
火山群列表	火山列表熱點 (地質學) 十年火山火山弧火山帶火山場一元（英語：monogenetic volcanic field）多元（英語：polygenetic volcanic field）
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