射线电池

射线电池（又称贝塔辐射伏特效应电池）是一种使用半导体P-N结从放射源所释放贝塔粒子（电子）直接产生电流的核电池。氢的同位素氚是射线电池常用的放射源。贝塔粒子穿过半导体时电离轨迹上会产生电子-空穴对；射线电池使用电子-空穴对产生电流；射线电池与放射性同位素热电机不同，同位素热电偶使用放射源产生的热量发电；射线电池不通过热转换产生电流。^[1]

贝塔辐射伏特效应电池和阿尔法辐射伏特效应电池适用于低功率长寿命（英语：Service life）场景，如植入医学设备、军用设备、太空设备。^[2]^[1]

历史

贝塔辐射伏特效应电池发明于二十世纪七十年代。^[3]七十年代的一些心脏起搏器使用钷作为放射源，^[4]钷放射电池随后被锂离子电池取代。^[1]

早期半导体材料将贝塔衰变转换成电流的效率低，早期放射电池因此需要能量更高、造价更高、危险的同位素放射源。截至2019年^[update]，新半导体材料可使用放射性较低的氚作为放射源。^[5]^[1]

提案

射线电池主要用于位置偏远、长期无法更换电池的设备，如需要十到二十年供电的航天器。1973年有人提出在心脏起搏器等长期医疗植入设备使用放射电池。

2018年俄罗斯科学家设计一种在两层10微米金刚石中夹住一层2毫米镍-63的放射电池；该设计的输出功率约1微瓦，功率密度为10 微瓦/立方厘米，能量密度为3.3千瓦时/千克；镍-63半衰期为100年。^[6]^[7]^[8]

一篇2019年论文显示放射电池可在高于733 K（460 °C；860 °F）的高温环境（如金星表面）工作。^[9]

缺点

放射性材料会衰变，当发射时，它慢慢地在降低活性。因此，随着时间的推移，射线电池设备将提供更少的功率。

参见

参考

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Katherine Bourzac. A 25-Year Battery: Long-lived nuclear batteries powered by hydrogen isotopes are in testing for military applications. Technology Review. MIT. 2009-11-17. （原始内容存档于2012-01-19）.
^ NASA Glenn Research Center, Alpha- and Beta-voltaics 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2011-10-18. (accessed Oct. 4, 2011)
^ Review and Preview of Nuclear Battery Technology. large.stanford.edu. [2018-09-30]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-23）.
^ Olsen, L.C. Betavoltaic energy conversion. Energy Conversion (Elsevier Ltd.). December 1973, 13 (4): 117–124, IN1, 125–127. doi:10.1016/0013-7480(73)90010-7.
^ Maximenko, Sergey I.; Moore, Jim E.; Affouda, Chaffra A.; Jenkins, Phillip P. Optimal Semiconductors for 3H and 63Ni Betavoltaics. Scientific Reports. December 2019, 9 (1): 10892. Bibcode:2019NatSR...910892M. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6659775 . PMID 31350532. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47371-6.
^ Bormashov, V.S.; Troschiev, S.Yu.; Tarelkin, S.A.; Volkov, A.P.; Teteruk, D.V.; Golovanov, A.V.; Kuznetsov, M.S.; Kornilov, N.V.; Terentiev, S.A.; Blank, V.D. High power density nuclear battery prototype based on diamond Schottky diodes. Diamond and Related Materials. April 2018, 84: 41–47. Bibcode:2018DRM....84...41B. doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2018.03.006 .
^ Prototype nuclear battery packs 10 times more power. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. [2020-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-27）（英语）.
^ Irving, Michael. Russian scientists pack more power into nuclear battery prototype. newatlas.com. June 3, 2018 [2018-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-29）.
^ O’Connor, Andrew; Manuel, Michele V.; Shaw, Harry. An extended-temperature, volumetric source model for betavoltaic power generation. Transactions of the American Nuclear Society. November 2019, 121: 542–545. PMC 8269951 . PMID 34248155. doi:10.13182/T30591.

外部链接

University of Rochester news release （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
City Labs （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Widetronix （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Armando Antoniazzi. The Dawn of Nuclear Batteries. Blog.kinectrics.com. [2012-08-22]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-21）.
Commercially-available NanoTritium battery can power microelectronics for 20+ years. Gizmag.com. 2012-08-16 [2012-08-22].

[tr20091109-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Katherine Bourzac. A 25-Year Battery: Long-lived nuclear batteries powered by hydrogen isotopes are in testing for military applications. Technology Review. MIT. 2009-11-17. （原始内容存档于2012-01-19）.

[2] NASA Glenn Research Center, Alpha- and Beta-voltaics 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2011-10-18. (accessed Oct. 4, 2011)

[3] Review and Preview of Nuclear Battery Technology. large.stanford.edu. [2018-09-30]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-23）.

[olsen1973-4] Olsen, L.C. Betavoltaic energy conversion. Energy Conversion (Elsevier Ltd.). December 1973, 13 (4): 117–124, IN1, 125–127. doi:10.1016/0013-7480(73)90010-7.

[5] Maximenko, Sergey I.; Moore, Jim E.; Affouda, Chaffra A.; Jenkins, Phillip P. Optimal Semiconductors for 3H and 63Ni Betavoltaics. Scientific Reports. December 2019, 9 (1): 10892. Bibcode:2019NatSR...910892M. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6659775 . PMID 31350532. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47371-6.

[6] Bormashov, V.S.; Troschiev, S.Yu.; Tarelkin, S.A.; Volkov, A.P.; Teteruk, D.V.; Golovanov, A.V.; Kuznetsov, M.S.; Kornilov, N.V.; Terentiev, S.A.; Blank, V.D. High power density nuclear battery prototype based on diamond Schottky diodes. Diamond and Related Materials. April 2018, 84: 41–47. Bibcode:2018DRM....84...41B. doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2018.03.006 .

[7] Prototype nuclear battery packs 10 times more power. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. [2020-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-27）（英语）.

[8] Irving, Michael. Russian scientists pack more power into nuclear battery prototype. newatlas.com. June 3, 2018 [2018-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-29）.

[oconnor2019-9] O’Connor, Andrew; Manuel, Michele V.; Shaw, Harry. An extended-temperature, volumetric source model for betavoltaic power generation. Transactions of the American Nuclear Society. November 2019, 121: 542–545. PMC 8269951 . PMID 34248155. doi:10.13182/T30591.

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