博科圣地叛乱
本文记述一起进行中的武装冲突。随着事态变化,内容或许会迅速更新。 |
博科圣地叛乱 | |||||||
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反恐战争的一部分 | |||||||
上:执行对抗博科圣地任务的尼日尔士兵,2015年3月 下:尼日利亚“平民联合特遣部队”(CJTF)民兵,2015年 | |||||||
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参战方 | |||||||
地方民兵和自警团[5] |
博科圣地(从2015年开始部分与伊斯兰国结盟)[a] 伊斯兰国 (自2015年起)[31] | ||||||
指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
穆罕默杜·布哈里 |
博科圣地 西非省 安萨鲁 Khalid al-Barnawi(被俘)[53][54] Abu Jafa'ar[55] | ||||||
兵力 | |||||||
尼日利亚陆军: 民兵:未知,数万人[57] | 4,000-6,000名核心战士(2015年初) | ||||||
伤亡与损失 | |||||||
不详 | 数以千计的人被杀、被俘或投降[59][60][61][62][63][64] | ||||||
总共350,000人死亡,其中35,000人直接死亡[65] 超过270万人流离失所[66] |
博科圣地叛乱始于2009年,[67]当时尼日利亚的博科圣地组织发动武装叛乱对抗尼日利亚政府。[68]其后该组织将袭击范围扩大至邻国喀麦隆、乍得和尼日尔。
2015年2月,美国情报官员表示博科圣地武装大约有4,000至6,000名核心战士。[69]截至2015年10月,博科圣地已杀害至少15,000人。[70]2019年12月有联合国官员表示博科圣地叛乱已造成超过36,000人丧生,当中约一半是平民。[71]
注释
[编辑]- ^ 在穆罕默德·优素福死后,博科圣地分裂成不同派系。虽然阿布巴卡尔·谢考后来成为博科圣地的主要头目,他从来不曾控制全部所有派系。派系之间有松散的联盟,但偶然会彼此发生冲突。[29][30] 此情况到2015年谢考宣称效忠伊斯兰国时有了转变。[31][32] 伊斯兰国的领导层最终决定由阿布·穆萨布·巴纳维取代谢考担任当地首领,导致博科圣地彻底分裂。谢考不再承认伊斯兰国的权威,而效忠他的人开始公然与巴纳维的追随者开战。[31]不过谢考由始至终未曾正式取消他对伊斯兰国的效忠誓言,因此他的团伙有时仍被视为伊斯兰国西非省另一分支。总的来说,谢考和伊斯兰国的关系仍不明朗。[33]
- ^ 起源不明,曾是博科圣地派系,[36]2012年1月1日正式宣布自立为独立团体。[36][37][38] 2015年以后在尼日利亚无已知的军事活动,不过它的数名成员仍然活跃。[39]
参考文献
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- ^ ICG (2018),第i, 4–8页.
- ^ ICG (2018),第5, 6页.
- ^ ICG (2018),第i, 3, 7页.
- ^ ICG (2018),第3页.
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- ^ Israel sends experts to help hunt for Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped by Islamists. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) The Jerusalem Post; 20 May 2014 18:03.
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- ^ France-Presse, Agence. Obama to deploy 300 US troops to Cameroon to fight Boko Haram | World news. The Guardian. 2015-10-14 [2015-10-25]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-18).
- ^ US troops deployed to Cameroon for Boko Haram fight. Al Jazeera English. 2015-10-14 [2015-10-25]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-18).
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- ^ TRADOC G-2 (2015),第4, 19页.
- ^ ICG 2014,第ii, 22, 26, 27页.
- ^ 31.0 31.1 31.2 引用错误:没有为名为
Province vs Shekau
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
Boko Haram joins ISIL
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Warner & Hulme (2018),第22页.
- ^ Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi of Attempted Coup. 360nobs. 2016-08-04 [2018-07-16]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-17).
- ^ Yinka Ibukun. Nigeria Turns to Dialogue to End 9-Year Islamist Insurgency. Bloomberg News. 2018-03-26 [2018-07-16]. (原始内容存档于2018-04-08).
- ^ 36.0 36.1 ICG 2014,第26页.
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- ^ Jacob Zenn. Electronic Jihad in Nigeria: How Boko Haram Is Using Social Media. Jamestown Foundation. 2017-12-09 [2018-07-16]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-16).
- ^ ICG 2014,第22–24, 27页.
- ^ ICG 2014,第22, 26, 27页.
- ^ Al-Qaeda now has a united front in Africa's troubled Sahel region. Newsweek. 2017-03-03 [2017-03-04]. (原始内容存档于2017-03-04) (英语).
- ^ Islamists Ansaru claim attack on Mali-bound Nigeria troops: paper. Reuters. 2013-01-20 [2021-08-08]. (原始内容存档于2013-02-02).
- ^ ICG 2014,第22, 26页.
- ^ ICG 2014,第23页.
- ^ The Christian Science Monitor. Boko Haram escalates battle with bold move into Chad. The Christian Science Monitor. 2015-02-13 [2021-03-05]. (原始内容存档于2015-02-13).
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- ^ ICG (2018),第ii页.
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- ^ 联合国严词谴责在喀麦隆和阿富汗发生的袭击事件. 联合国新闻. 2015-10-12 [2021-03-05]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-24).
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参见
[编辑]著作
[编辑]- Warner, Jason; Hulme, Charlotte. The Islamic State in Africa: Estimating Fighter Numbers in Cells Across the Continent (PDF). CTC Sentinel (西点 (纽约州): Combating Terrorism Center). 2018, 11 (7): 21–28 [2021-09-06]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-08).
- TRADOC G-2. Threat Tactics Report: Boko Haram (PDF). Fort Eustis: United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. 2015 [2021-09-06]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-03-12).
- Curbing Violence in Nigeria (II): The Boko Haram Insurgency (PDF). Africa Report (布鲁塞尔-首都大区: 国际危机组织). 3 April 2014, (216). (原始内容 (PDF)存档于17 January 2016).
- Watchmen of Lake Chad: Vigilante Groups Fighting Boko Haram (PDF). Africa Report (布鲁塞尔-首都大区: International Crisis Group). 23 February 2018, (244) [2021-09-06]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-11).
- Warner, Jason; O'Farrell, Ryan; Nsaibia, Héni; Cummings, Ryan. Outlasting the Caliphate: The Evolution of the Islamic State Threat in Africa (PDF). CTC Sentinel (West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center). 2020, 13 (11): 18–33 [2021-09-06]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-02-07).
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