用户:A22234798/瓦尔密战役

瓦尔密战役
	法国大革命战争的一部分
	; 瓦尔密战役
日期	1792年9月20日
地点	圣梅内乌尔德到瓦尔密之间
结果	法国决定性胜利; 法国隔天正式废除君主制。
参战方
法国	普鲁士王国; 哈布斯堡君主国 ; 波旁-孔代;
指挥官与领导者
查理斯·杜莫雷兹; 法兰西欧斯·凯勒曼	卡尔·斐迪南; 弗雷德里希威廉; 查尔斯·约瑟夫; 路易五世·约瑟夫·德·波旁 (孔代亲王);
兵力
47,000人	35,000人
伤亡与损失
300人	184人

瓦尔密战役，也被称为炮击瓦尔密，是个战术上非决定性的炮兵行动，但战略上确保了法国大革命的成果。此外，尽管战役规模小，却仍成为历史上的决定性战役之一，同时也是第一支由老兵和义勇兵所组成的杂牌军，成功地击败了具有极高声誉的奥军与训练有素的普军。

战役于1792年 9月20日爆发于法国北部瓦尔密的附近，为第一次反法同盟的战役之一（也是法国大革命战争的一部分）。查理斯·法兰西欧斯·杜莫雷兹指挥的法国北部军团和法兰西欧斯·克理斯多佛·凯勒曼指挥的法国中部军团共同阻止了由不伦瑞克公爵指挥的普鲁士军队向巴黎推进。

尽管伤亡很小（总共未达500人）且战术上未有决定性的结果，瓦尔密之役仍被认为是法国大革命战争中，最壮丽的战役之一，因为它在面对训练有素的普鲁士军队时拯救了法国的新式军队，并开启了法国近四分之一世纪以来军事力量的更新。

背景[编辑]

法国于1792年 4月20日向奥地利宣战后，便遭遇了敌军的进攻，且连连挫败，导致反法联军于8月19日攻入法国。联合军的组成包含了普军、奥军、黑森军、以及由不伦瑞克公爵指挥的移民军团而该军团也背负着腓特烈·威廉二世的荣誉。总指挥的军队在面对入侵法国领土的敌人时，成为一个又一个“嫌疑犯”；在更严重的行动开打前，分别由罗尚博、拉法叶及卢克纳指挥的三个法国革命军军团，已经改配发给由杜莫雷兹和凯勒曼指挥的两个军团。

入侵的联军轻松地于8月23日攻占隆维，并缓慢行军至比隆维防御更薄弱的凡尔登。法军指挥官博里帕尔上校在绝望中开枪自杀，而该地也于9月2日投降。不伦瑞克公爵之后便开始向巴黎进军，并同时朝阿贡隘道方向逼近。但是，持续利用小型军事行动来训练原始部队的杜莫雷兹But Dumouriez, who had been training his raw troops at Valenciennes in constant small engagements, with the purpose of invading the Austrian Netherlands, now threw himself into the Argonne by a rapid and daring flank march, almost under the eyes of the Prussian advanced guard, and barred the Paris road, summoning Kellermann to his assistance from Metz. Kellermann moved slowly, and before he arrived the northern part of the line of defence had been forced. Dumouriez, undaunted, changed front so as to face north, with his right wing on the Argonne and his left stretching towards Châlons, and in this position Kellermann joined him at Sainte-Menehould on 19 September.

战斗[编辑]

Brunswick meanwhile had passed the northern defiles and had then swung round to cut off Dumouriez from Châlons. At the moment when the Prussian manoeuvre was nearly completed, Kellermann, commanding in Dumouriez’s momentary absence, advanced his left wing and took up a position between Sainte-Menehould and the mill of Valmy.

The result was the Cannonade of Valmy. Kellermann's 47,000 infantry, nearly all regulars, stood steady. The French artillery justified its reputation as the best in Europe, and eventually, with no more than a half-hearted infantry attack, Brunswick's 35,000 strong broke off the action and retired. The French suffered 300 casualties and their opponents 184^{[来源请求]}.

分析[编辑]

The French army benefited from its new artillery (using the Gribeauval system), allowing it to pound attacking columns with unprecedented accuracy.

The Allied side had expected the French to lose as their morale should have been broken by such a demonstration of power. Kellerman understood the danger and spent most of the day strengthening his troops' morale by parading on his horse on the front line and preparing his army for a massed bayonet attack of battalions in column, a highly surprising move in front of an advancing and more powerful army.

The pivotal moment was reached when Kellerman raised his famous cry "Vive la Nation", repeated again and again by all the army, hats on bayonets. It had the effect of damaging the morale of the Prussian army and its commanders, and may explain the stoppage of a first and then a second infantry attack.

The German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who was present at the battle, understood the significance of the battle and told some of his Prussian comrades: "From this place, and from this day forth begins a new era in the history of the world, and you can all say that you were present at its birth."^[1]

后续发展[编辑]

This engagement was the turning point of the campaign. Ten days later, without firing another shot, the invading army began its retreat. Dumouriez's pursuit was not seriously pressed; he occupied himself chiefly with a series of subtle and curious negotiations which, with the general advance of the French troops, brought about the complete withdrawal of the allied invaders from the soil of France.

The day after this first victory of the French revolutionary troops, on 21 September, in Paris, the French monarchy was abolished and the First French Republic proclaimed. The battle of Valmy was really the first victory of an army inspired by citizenship and nationalism, and marked the death knell of the era of absolute monarchy.

小说中的本场战役[编辑]

The OAS agent depicted in Frederick Forsyth's "The Day of the Jackal" uses "Valmy" as his nom de guerre.

注脚[编辑]

^ The Nation

外部链接[编辑]

延伸阅读[编辑]

亚瑟·楚奎特, Les Guerres de la Révolution : 2. Valmy, 1887
Campagne du Duc de Brunswick contre les Français en 1792, publiée en allemand par un officier prussien témoin oculaire et traduite en français sur la quatrième édition à Paris chez A.Cl.FORGET rue du Four-Honoré No 487 An III de la République.

参见[编辑]

历史上15场关键性战役

本条目包含来自公有领域出版物的文本:
Chisholm, Hugh (编). Encyclopædia Britannica (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press. 1911.

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[1] The Nation

[1]