葡萄糖淀粉酶

葡萄糖淀粉酶（glucoamylase）又称γ-淀粉酶（gamma-amylase）、淀粉葡糖苷酶（amyloglucosidase，AMG），全名葡聚糖 1,4-α-葡糖苷酶，是一种酸性的单链外切型糖苷水解酶，不仅能催化淀粉水解为葡萄糖，还能从淀粉糖链的非还原末端 (即不可以形成半缩醛的羟基) 切下葡萄糖分子^[1]。γ-淀粉酶存在于动物（小肠）、微生物中。

葡萄糖淀粉酶目前已在食品、医药和发酵工业等领域得到广泛的应用^[2]^[3]^[4]。工业上应用的葡萄糖淀粉酶主要来自于曲霉属及根霉属，极少来自于镰孢菌属。例如半裸镰刀菌 (Fusarium Semitectum) ^[5]、尖孢镰刀菌^[5]、茄镰孢菌（英语：Fusarium solani）^[6]、蔗草镰刀菌 (Fusarium scirpi) ^[6]及串珠镰刀菌 (Fusarium moniliforme) ^[7]等，故而不同来源的酶的性质也存在着差异。铜离子及镁离子等二价金属离子一般对葡萄糖淀粉酶的活性有激活作用，然而汞离子、铅离子及镍离子等二价金属离子对葡萄糖淀粉酶的活性有抑制作用，视乎葡萄糖淀粉酶的来源^[3]。

参考资料

^ Sauer, J; Sigurskjold, BW; Christensen, U; Frandsen, TP; Mirgorodskaya, E; Harrison, M; Roepstorff, P; Svensson, B. Glucoamylase: structure/function relationships, and protein engineering.. Biochimica et biophysica acta. 2000-12-29, 1543 (2): 275–293 [2019-12-24]. PMID 11150611. doi:10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00232-6. （原始内容存档于2019-12-24）.
^ Nguyen, Quang D; Rezessy-Szabó, Judit M; Claeyssens, Marc; Stals, Ingeborg; Hoschke, Ágoston. Purification and characterisation of amylolytic enzymes from thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus strain ATCC 34626. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 2002-08, 31 (3): 345–352. doi:10.1016/S0141-0229(02)00128-X.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Pandey, A; Nigam, P; Soccol, CR; Soccol, VT; Singh, D; Mohan, R. Advances in microbial amylases.. Biotechnology and applied biochemistry. 2000-04, 31 (2): 135–52 [2019-12-24]. PMID 10744959. doi:10.1042/ba19990073. （原始内容存档于2019-12-24）.
^ Kumar, P; Satyanarayana, T. Microbial glucoamylases: characteristics and applications.. Critical reviews in biotechnology. 2009, 29 (3): 225–55 [2019-12-24]. PMID 19708824. doi:10.1080/07388550903136076. （原始内容存档于2019-12-24）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ., Altaf Hussain; ., Zafar Iqbal Khan; ., Dr. Ejaz Rasul. Isolation and Screening of Amylolytic and Pectinolytic Fungi from Soil. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 1999-03-01, 2 (3): 974–975. doi:10.3923/pjbs.1999.974.975.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 BHATTI H N；RASHID M H；NAWAZ R，et al.Purification and characterization of a novel glucoamylase from Fusarium solani.Food Chemistry.2007，103（2）：338－43.
^ Figueira, Edson Luiz Zangrando; Hirooka, Elisa Yoko. Culture medium for amylase production by toxigenic fungi. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 2000, 43 (5): 461–67. doi:10.1590/S1516-89132000000500003.

[1] Sauer, J; Sigurskjold, BW; Christensen, U; Frandsen, TP; Mirgorodskaya, E; Harrison, M; Roepstorff, P; Svensson, B. Glucoamylase: structure/function relationships, and protein engineering.. Biochimica et biophysica acta. 2000-12-29, 1543 (2): 275–293 [2019-12-24]. PMID 11150611. doi:10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00232-6. （原始内容存档于2019-12-24）.

[2] Nguyen, Quang D; Rezessy-Szabó, Judit M; Claeyssens, Marc; Stals, Ingeborg; Hoschke, Ágoston. Purification and characterisation of amylolytic enzymes from thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus strain ATCC 34626. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 2002-08, 31 (3): 345–352. doi:10.1016/S0141-0229(02)00128-X.

[a-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Pandey, A; Nigam, P; Soccol, CR; Soccol, VT; Singh, D; Mohan, R. Advances in microbial amylases.. Biotechnology and applied biochemistry. 2000-04, 31 (2): 135–52 [2019-12-24]. PMID 10744959. doi:10.1042/ba19990073. （原始内容存档于2019-12-24）.

[4] Kumar, P; Satyanarayana, T. Microbial glucoamylases: characteristics and applications.. Critical reviews in biotechnology. 2009, 29 (3): 225–55 [2019-12-24]. PMID 19708824. doi:10.1080/07388550903136076. （原始内容存档于2019-12-24）.

[b-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ., Altaf Hussain; ., Zafar Iqbal Khan; ., Dr. Ejaz Rasul. Isolation and Screening of Amylolytic and Pectinolytic Fungi from Soil. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 1999-03-01, 2 (3): 974–975. doi:10.3923/pjbs.1999.974.975.

[c-6] 6.0 ^6.1 BHATTI H N；RASHID M H；NAWAZ R，et al.Purification and characterization of a novel glucoamylase from Fusarium solani.Food Chemistry.2007，103（2）：338－43.

[7] Figueira, Edson Luiz Zangrando; Hirooka, Elisa Yoko. Culture medium for amylase production by toxigenic fungi. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 2000, 43 (5): 461–67. doi:10.1590/S1516-89132000000500003.

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