查谟和克什米尔叛乱

查谟和克什米尔叛乱 Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir | |||||||
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克什米尔冲突的一部分 | |||||||
![]() 克什米尔区域情势图,叛乱主要发生在穆斯林占多数的克什米尔谷地(蓝色虚线内) | |||||||
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参战方 | |||||||
其他分离主义运动与叛乱武装团体[6][7][8][9][10][11] | |||||||
兵力 | |||||||
[23] | 未知 | ||||||
伤亡与损失 | |||||||
2000–2024: 3,590 人阵亡[24] |
2000–2024: 13,321 名武装分子被杀 847 人投降 5,832 人被捕[25] | ||||||
超过 20,000 名平民死亡[26][27] |
查谟和克什米尔独立运动,又称印控克什米尔独立运动、查谟和克什米尔叛乱(英语:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir)或克什米尔起义(Kashmir Intifada),是克什米尔分离主义者在巴基斯坦军方的支持下和印度政府之间的冲突[28],部分分离主义者支持克什米尔独立,部分分离主义者则支持加入巴基斯坦。
伤亡
[编辑]20世纪80年代后期,心怀不满的克什米尔年轻人越发激进,催生了查谟和克什米尔的叛乱活动。巴基斯坦利用这一态势,允许其庇护下的恐怖组织充当马前卒。21世纪初,特别是在克什米尔山谷的南部地区,出现了另一波激进主义浪潮。该地区首次出现自杀性爆炸袭击,表示着叛乱的升级。印度多次指责巴基斯坦三军情报局等煽动反对印度的叛乱。[29]
据统计,克什米尔在1988年至2018年间,一共发生47,234起的暴力恐怖事件,累计死亡人数高达44,516人,其中包括14,796名平民,6,361名安全部队人员,23,356名参与暴力恐怖事件者(截至2018年1月28日的数据)[30]。
尽管印巴两国近年来已无大规模的军事冲突,但克什米尔每年仍有超过100人死于暴力冲突(2016年有267人死亡,2017年有358人死亡,2018年截至1月28日有16人死亡)。自2019年8月取消查谟和克什米尔的特殊地位以来,印度军方加强了在该地区的平叛行动。2023年官方数据显示,印度安全部队在查谟和克什米尔打死了113名武装分子,逮捕了500名同伙,捣毁了89个武装分子窝点;34名士兵也被杀。[31]
双方对人权的侵犯
[编辑]印度政府和克什米尔分离主义者,皆被指控犯下屠杀、虐待等侵犯人权的战争罪行。另外,支持克什米尔分离主义者的巴基斯坦,也被印度政府指控越界袭击印度军人[32],甚至杀害克什米尔平民[33]。
印度政府对人权的侵犯
[编辑]克什米尔民间团体主张克什米尔冲突的死亡人数为7万人(主流说法是4万多人),冲突中不幸遇难的平民,大多数是被印度军队杀害[34],2017年克什米尔甚至发生警察对手无寸铁的抗议女学生开枪的事件。[35]
克什米尔分离主义者对人权的侵犯
[编辑]分离主义者在克什米尔当地仍有相当大同情与支持力量,分离主义与伊斯兰恐怖主义有关,圣战分子参与爆炸和绑架等活动。叛乱还迫使非穆斯林少数民族克什米尔印度教徒大规模迁出克什米尔山谷。[36]
参见
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ DeM cadres lead women congregations across Kashmir. Greater Kashmir. 3 August 2016 [9 August 2016]. (原始内容存档于24 December 2018).
- ^ Gul, Khalid. Pro-freedom rallies in Pampore, Bijbehara. Greater Kashmir. 5 August 2016 [9 August 2016]. (原始内容存档于8 August 2016).
- ^ DeM activists asked to make Dua-e-Majlis successful. Kashmir Reader. 2 August 2016 [9 August 2016]. (原始内容存档于3 August 2016).
- ^ This is people's Movement, be United: DeM. 22 July 2016 [9 August 2016]. (原始内容存档于24 December 2018).
- ^ Al Qaeda In the Indian Subcontinent Released Video Titled 'Kashmir is our' Al Qaeda again target india. 12 October 2021 [13 October 2021]. (原始内容存档于19 November 2022).
- ^ Until My Freedom Has Come: The New Intifada in Kashmir. Penguin Books India. 2011 [12 November 2020]. ISBN 9780143416470. (原始内容存档于20 April 2023).
- ^ Margolis, Eric. War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet. Routledge. 2004: 81 [12 November 2020]. ISBN 9781135955595. (原始内容存档于20 April 2023).
- ^ Bose, Sumantra. Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace. Harvard University Press. 2009: 107 [12 November 2020]. ISBN 9780674028555. (原始内容存档于20 April 2023).
- ^ "insurgency" (noun), Merriam-Webster Unabridged, [27 November 2019], (原始内容存档于20 January 2020) Quote: "The quality or state of being insurgent; specifically : a condition of revolt against a recognized government that does not reach the proportions of an organized revolutionary government and is not recognized as belligerency" (subscription required)
- ^ insurgency, n, Oxford English Dictionary, [27 November 2019], (原始内容存档于20 January 2020) Quote: "The quality or state of being insurgent; the tendency to rise in revolt; = insurgence n. = The action of rising against authority; a rising, revolt." (subscription required)
- ^ Insurgency, Encyclopedia Britannica, [27 November 2019], (原始内容存档于27 November 2019) Quote: "Insurgency, term historically restricted to rebellious acts that did not reach the proportions of an organized revolution. It has subsequently been applied to any such armed uprising, typically guerrilla in character, against the recognized government of a state or country." (subscription required)"
- ^ Elizabeth Van Wie Davis; Rouben Azizian. Islam, Oil, and Geopolitics: Central Asia After September 11. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated. 2007: 281 [13 May 2021]. ISBN 978-0-7425-4128-3. (原始内容存档于20 April 2023).
The trouble was that elements of Pakistan ' s government were involved with Islamist extremists . They had protected and supported not only the Taliban but also insurgents crossing the Line of Control into Indian - held Kashmir
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
Kazi_Zutshi2017
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Kapur, S. Paul, Jihad as Grand Strategy: Islamist Militancy, National Security, and the Pakistani State, Oxford University Press: 84–, 2017 [27 November 2019], ISBN 978-0-19-976852-3, (原始内容存档于20 April 2023)
- ^
- Swami, Praveen. India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad. New York: Routledge. 2007. ISBN 978-0-415-40459-4.
- Al Qaeda thriving in Kashmir in support of Pakistani intelligence against india reports Al Qaeda camps in azad kashmir Pakistan. Christian Science Monitor. 2 July 2002 [12 November 2021]. (原始内容存档于12 November 2021).
- ^ Al-Qaeda calls for liberation of Kashmir. YouTube. [1 August 2021]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-13).
- ^ ISIS announces new India and Pakistan provinces, casually breaking up Khorasan. The Defense Post. 15 May 2019 [4 June 2019]. (原始内容存档于10 June 2020).
- ^ Islamic State claims it has established province in India, calls it Wilayah of Hind: Report. 11 May 2019 [18 April 2021]. (原始内容存档于18 April 2021).
- ^ Islamic State J-K chief among 4 terrorists killed in Kashmir. Rediff.com. 22 June 2018 [20 April 2023]. (原始内容存档于20 December 2022).
- ^ India imposes Kashmir lockdown, puts leaders 'under house arrest'. [29 March 2022]. (原始内容存档于19 November 2022).
- ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Snehesh Alex Philip, What Imran Khan says is 9 lakh soldiers in Kashmir is actually 3.43 lakh only 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2 September 2021., The Print, 12 November 2019.
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
The Times
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Kashmir. Stimson Center. (原始内容存档于30 June 2006).: "Some reports estimate that India deploys approximately 400,000 combined army and paramilitary forces in Kashmir, most of which are stationed in the interior, 80,000 of which are deployed along the LoC."
- ^ Yearly Fatalities. SATP. [2024-06-01].
- ^ Yearly Fatalities. SATP. [2024-06-01].
- ^ Kashmir insurgents. Uppsala Conflict Data Program. [29 March 2017]. (原始内容存档于1 October 2017).
- ^ 40,000 people killed in Kashmir: India. The Express Tribune. (原始内容存档于27 February 2017).
- ^ 恐怖的曖昧:巴基斯坦,擁恐還是反恐?. 联合新闻网. 2017-01-17 [2018-01-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-18).
- ^ 斯里纳特· 拉加万. 印巴危机危险空前. 卡内基国际和平基金会. [2019年3月6日]. (原始内容存档于2024年5月9日).
- ^ 暴力恐怖事件的死亡人數1988-2018年. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-25).
- ^ Shakir Mir. 2023: A Year of Ironies and Paradoxes in J&K. The Wire. [2023-11-05]. (原始内容存档于2024-06-11).
- ^ 衝突再起! 印度指控巴基斯坦殺害肢解士兵. 自由时报电子报. 2016-11-23 [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-02).
- ^ 巴基斯坦在查謨和克什米爾地區違反停火8個月內685次. 哈芬登邮报. 2015-02-24 [2018-02-01].
- ^ 像卡拉季奇一樣,起訴克什米爾境內的所有人權違法行為:JKCCS. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-16).
- ^ 印控喀什米爾喊獨立!女學生遭武裝部隊爆頭倒地. 自由时报电子报. 2017-05-01 [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-09).
- ^ Rights Abuses Behind Kashmir Fighting – Human Rights Watch. hrw.org. 16 July 1999 [25 June 2015]. (原始内容存档于19 October 2008).