奥匈帝国占领下的塞尔维亚

奥匈帝国占领下的塞尔维亚是1915年底至第一次世界大战结束期间奥匈帝国军队占领下的塞尔维亚王国。1914年7月28日，奥匈帝国对塞尔维亚宣战，一战正式开始。1914年8至12月间，奥匈帝国曾发动了3次攻势（塞尔维亚战役），无一成功，1915年10月，奥匈军与德军发动联合攻势，从北部和西部击穿了塞尔维亚人的防线，保加利亚王国军队则从东边进攻塞尔维亚。至1916年1月，同盟国军队已占领塞尔维亚全境。

接着，塞尔维亚被分为两大块占领区，一是奥匈占领区，二是保加利亚占领区，两区均受军事管理。德方拒绝直接吞并任何塞尔维亚国土，转而控制住了两大占领区内的铁路、矿区、林业和农业资源。奥匈占领区包含了塞尔维亚北部四分之三的领土。1916年1月1日，奥匈帝国陆军建立皇家和王家塞尔维亚军事总督政府（英语：Military General Governorate of Serbia），作为占领区的行政部门，其首脑为军事总督，副总督是非军人身份的专员。奥匈帝国皇帝弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世任命出生在克罗地亚的军官约翰·冯·萨利斯-齐维斯（英语：Johann von Salis-Seewis）为首任军事总督。新组建的政府的目的是拆散塞尔维亚族人口，将塞尔维亚变为奥匈帝国的粮食产地，并控制其经济资源。

奥匈方在占领区建立了军事法律体制，禁止一切政治组织，禁止公众集会，将学校纳入控制范围，奥匈陆军还有权在占领区内展开戒严，抓捕人质，在惩罚性突袭中烧毁村庄，以公开执行绞刑以及即刻处决犯人等方式镇压起义行动。奥匈占领塞尔维亚期间曾将15万至20万名男性、女性以及儿童送进本国境内专门建立的拘留和集中营。

1918年9月，以塞尔维亚第2集团军（英语：Second Army (Serbia)）和南斯拉夫志愿师（英语：Yugoslav Division）先头部队的协约国军队打穿了萨洛尼卡战线（马其顿战役），迫使保加利亚于9月30日投降，很快，塞尔维亚便被协约国攻占，至10月底，所有残余奥匈帝国军队全部撤退。至1918年11月1日，塞尔维亚的所有战前领土均被协约国军队占领，奥匈帝国对塞尔维亚的占领告终。

参考文献

Afflerbach, H. The Purpose of the First World War: War Aims and Military Strategies. Schriften des Historischen Kollegs. De Gruyter. 2015: 129. ISBN 978-3-11-044348-6.
Biskupski, M.B.; Wandycz, P. Ideology, Politics, and Diplomacy in East Central Europe. University of Rochester Press. 2003. ISBN 978-1-58046-137-5.
Bled, J.P. L'agonie d'une Monarchie, Autriche-Hongrie, 1914–1920. TEXTO. Tallandier. 2014. ISBN 979-10-210-0447-4 （法语）.
Buttar, P. Russia's Last Gasp: The Eastern Front 1916–17. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4728-1277-3.
Bischof, G.; Karlhofer, F.; Williamson, S.R. 1914: Austria-Hungary, the Origins, and the First Year of World War I. Uno Press. 2014. ISBN 978-1-60801-026-4.
Calic, M.J.; Geyer, D. A History of Yugoslavia. Central European studies. Purdue University Press. 2019. ISBN 978-1-55753-838-3.
Conway Publications. Manufacturers' Record. Conway Publications. 1918. |issue=被忽略 (帮助)
Cornwall, M. The Undermining of Austria-Hungary: The Battle for Hearts and Minds. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 2000. ISBN 978-0-230-28635-1.
Dawnay, G.P.; Headlam, C.M. The Army Quarterly. William Clowes & Sons, Limited. 1933. |issue=被忽略 (帮助)
De Schaepdrijver, S. Military Occupations in First World War Europe. Taylor & Francis. 2016. ISBN 978-1-317-58713-2.
Demm, Eberhard. Censorship and Propaganda in World War I: A Comprehensive History. Routledge. 2019: 50 [2024-08-06]. ISBN 978-1-3501-1859-1. （原始内容存档于2023-12-13）.
DiNardo, R.L. Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915. War, technology, and history. ABC-CLIO, LLC. 2015. ISBN 978-1-4408-0092-4.
Đurić, A. Belgrade during the First World War. Selected books by Antonije Đurić. NIRO "Književne novine". 1987. ISBN 978-86-391-0078-0 （塞尔维亚语）.
Fried, M. Austro-Hungarian War Aims in the Balkans during World War I. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 2014. ISBN 978-1-137-35901-8.
Glenny, M. The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804-2012: New and Updated. House of Anansi Press Incorporated. 2012. ISBN 978-1-77089-274-3.
Gumz, J.E. The Resurrection and Collapse of Empire in Habsburg Serbia, 1914–1918: Volume 1. Cambridge Military Histories. Cambridge University Press. 2014. ISBN 978-1-107-68972-5.
Hastings, M. Catastrophe 1914: Europe Goes to War. Vintage. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2013. ISBN 978-0-385-35122-5.
Herwig, H.H. The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918. Modern Wars. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2014. ISBN 978-1-4725-1081-5.
Höbelt, L.; Otte, T.G.; Bridge, F.R. A Living Anachronism?: European Diplomacy and the Habsburg Monarchy : Festschrift Für Francis Roy Bridge Zum 70. Geburtstag. Böhlau. 2010. ISBN 978-3-205-78510-1.
Holzer, A. Das Lächeln der Henker: der unbekannte Krieg gegen die Zivilbevölkerung 1914–1918, mit zahlreichen bisher unveröffentlichten Fotografien [The Executioner's Smile. The Unknown War Against The Civilian Population, 1914–1918]. Primus. 2014. ISBN 978-3-86312-063-4 （德语）.
Jarman, R.L. Yugoslavia: 1938-1948. Yugoslavia: Political Diaries, 1918–1965. Archive Editions Limited. 1997. ISBN 978-1-85207-950-5.
Jeřábek, R. Potiorek: General im Schatten von Sarajevo. Eine Publikation des Militärhistorischen Dienstes, Wien / Österreich, Militärhistorischer Dienst: Eine Publikation des Militärhistorischen Dienstes, Wien. Verlag Styria. 1991. ISBN 978-3-222-12067-1 （德语）.
Kerchnawe, H.; Mitzka, R.; Sobotka, F.; Leidl, H.; Krauss, A. The military administration in the areas occupied by Austro-Hungarian troops. Carnegie-Stiftung für Internationalen Frieden, Abteilung für Volkswirtschaft und Geschichte. Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky A.G. 1928 （德语）. |issue=被忽略 (帮助)
Kiraly, B.K.; Béla, K.; Király, B.K.; Dreisziger, P.N.; Dreisziger, N.F.; Nofi, A.A.; Kiraly, D.; Kiraly, P.B.; Rockefeller Foundation. East Central European Society in World War I. Atlantic studies on society in change. Social Science Monographs. 1985. ISBN 978-0-88033-089-3. |issue=被忽略 (帮助)
Kramer, A. Dynamic of Destruction: Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War. Making of the Modern World. OUP Oxford. 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-158011-6.
Khristov, K.A.; Markovski, D. A History of Bulgaria. Sofia Press. 1985.
Laffan, R.G.D. The Serbs: The Guardians of the Gate. Armenian Research Center collection. Dorset Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-88029-413-3.
Laqueur, W. Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical and Critical Study. Taylor & Francis. 2017. ISBN 978-1-351-51657-0.
Lebow, R.N. Between Peace and War: The Nature of International Crisis. A Johns Hopkins paperback. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1981. ISBN 978-0-8018-2311-4.
Levental, Z.; Kordić, M. Rodolphe Archibald Reiss: criminaliste et moraliste de la Grande guerre. L'Age d'homme. 1992. ISBN 978-2-8251-0197-1 （法语）.
Luckau, A. The German Delegation at the Paris Peace Conference. H. Fertig. 1971. ISBN 978-0-86527-078-7.
Luthar, O. The Great War and Memory in Central and South-Eastern Europe. Balkan Studies Library. Brill. 2016. ISBN 978-90-04-31623-2.
Lyon, J. Serbia and the Balkan Front, 1914: The Outbreak of the Great War. Bloomsbury Academic. 2015. ISBN 978-1-4725-8003-0.
Marble, S. King of Battle: Artillery in World War I. History of Warfare. Brill. 2016. ISBN 978-90-04-30728-5.
Melson, C. The German Army Guerrilla Warfare. Casemate Publishers (Ignition). 2019. ISBN 978-1-61200-798-4.
Merrill, C. Only the Nails Remain: Scenes from the Balkan Wars. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated. 2001. ISBN 978-0-7425-1686-1.
Mitrović, A. Serbia's Great War, 1914–1918. Central European studies. Purdue University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-1-55753-476-7.
Mitrović, A. Serbia in World War I. Serbian Literary Association. 1984 （塞尔维亚语）.
Moal, F.L. La Serbie: du martyre à la victoire, 1914–1918. Collection "Les nations dans la Grande Guerre.". 14–18 Éditions. 2008. ISBN 978-2-916385-18-1 （法语）.
Newman, J.P. Yugoslavia in the Shadow of War: Veterans and the Limits of State Building, 1903–1945. Cambridge University Press. 2015. ISBN 978-1-107-07076-9.
Paravac, D. Dobojski logor: hronika o austrougarskom logoru interniraca u Doboju : 1915–1917. Narodna Biblioteka. 2002. ISBN 978-86-7536-008-7 （塞尔维亚语）.
Pavlović, V.G. Serbia and Italy in the Great War. Special edition / [Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Institut for Balkan studies]. Institut for Balkan Studies. 2019 [2024-08-06]. ISBN 978-86-7179-103-8. （原始内容存档于2024-08-06）.
Pavlowitch, S.K. Serbia: The History Behind the Name. Hurst & Company. 2002 [2024-08-06]. ISBN 978-1-85065-477-3. （原始内容存档于2023-01-23）.
Rauchensteiner, M.; Kay, A.J.; Güttel-Bellert, A. The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918. V&r Academic. 2014. ISBN 978-3-205-79588-9.
Reiss, R.A.; Copeland, F.S. ... Report Upon the Atrocities Committed by the Austro-Hungarian Army During the First Invasion of Serbia. FRANKLIN CLASSICS TRADE Press. 2018. ISBN 978-0-344-98444-0.
Reiss, R.A. How Austria-Hungary Waged War in Serbia. Creative Media Partners, LLC. 2019. ISBN 978-0-353-68572-7 （法语）.
Reiss, R.A. The Kingdom of Serbia. Infringements of the Rules and Laws of War Committed by the Austro-Bulgaro-Germans; Letters of a Criminologist on the Serbian M. FRANKLIN CLASSICS TRADE Press. 2018. ISBN 978-0-353-06558-1.
Scheer, Tamara. Manifestation österreichisch-ungarischer Besatzungsmacht in Belgrad (1916–1918). Academia.edu. 2011-01-01 [2024-08-06]. （原始内容存档于2024-08-06）（德语）.
Scianna, Bastian Matteo. Reporting Atrocities: Archibald Reiss in Serbia, 1914–1918. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 2012, 25 (4): 596–617 [2024-08-06]. S2CID 144851616. doi:10.1080/13518046.2012.730395. （原始内容存档于2023-01-14）.
Schindler, J.R. Fall of the Double Eagle: The Battle for Galicia and the Demise of Austria-Hungary. Potomac Books. 2015. ISBN 978-1-61234-806-3.
Schweizerische Offiziersgesellschaft. Allgemeine schweizerische militärzeitschrift. Huber. 1968 （德语）. |issue=被忽略 (帮助)
Stibbe, M. Civilian Internment during the First World War: A European and Global History, 1914–1920. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 2019. ISBN 978-1-137-57191-5.
Strachan, Hew. The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War: New Edition. OUP Oxford. 2014. ISBN 978-0-19-164041-4.
Suppan, A. National Conflicts, World Wars, Genocides, Expulsions, and Divided Remembrance in East-Central and Southeastern Europe, 1848-2018. Sitzungsberichte (Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse). Austrian Academy of Sciences. 2019. ISBN 978-3-7001-8657-1.
Stojančević, V. Serbia and the Serbian Nation during the War and Occupation 1914–1918. 1988 （塞尔维亚语）.
Strupp, K. Das internationale Landkriegsrecht. Baer. 1914 （德语）.
Tasic, D. Paramilitarism in the Balkans: Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917–1924. The Greater War Series. Oxford University Press. 2020. ISBN 978-0-19-885832-4.
Tatum, D. Genocide at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century: Rwanda, Bosnia, Kosovo, and Darfur. Palgrave Macmillan US. 2010: 4. ISBN 978-0-230-10967-4.
Tomasevich, J. The Chetniks. His War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945. Stanford University Press. 1975. ISBN 978-0-8047-0857-9.
Tucker, S.; Roberts, P.M. World War I: Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2005. ISBN 978-1-85109-420-2. |issue=被忽略 (帮助)
Wawro, G. A Mad Catastrophe: The Outbreak of World War I and the Collapse of the Habsburg Empire. Basic Books. 2014. ISBN 978-0-465-08081-6.
Winter, J. The Cambridge History of the First World War: Volume 3, Civil Society. Cambridge University Press. 2014. ISBN 978-1-316-02554-3.