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共产党在塞尔维亚的清洗 (1944年—1945年)

维基百科,自由的百科全书

共产党在塞尔维亚的清洗是指1944年—1945年,南斯拉夫人民解放军和游击队和战后的南斯拉夫政府在塞尔维亚开展的清洗,他们针对的是他们眼中的战争罪罪犯、叛国者英语Quisling以及意识形态敌人[1]。这些暴行中的一大部分都发生在1944年10月至1945年5月之间。在此期间,至少有55973人因各种原因身亡,包括被处决或者在拘留营中身亡。受害者(大部分都是被施暴方故意草率处决的)来自不同民族,但主要是德意志人塞尔维亚族以及马扎尔人[1][2][3][4][5]。曾有人提出,这些杀戮并非预先策划好的,而是一些人在战后乱局中进行的无组织复仇行为;也有人说那些被处决的受害者其实是在与游击队的交火中阵亡的[6]

由于调查仍在继续,所以一直难以确定这段时间里的遇难者具体人数[7][8]。对遇难者人数的估计说法不一。有资料称在整个塞尔维亚共有至少80000人被处决[9];另有资料称遇难者人数逾100000[9]。目前能确定约4000名遭游击队杀害的德裔人姓名,但据估计,还有更多的德意志裔人被处决[10]。部分资料将发生在1944年秋季的一系列事件统称为血腥之秋[10][11][12]。2009年,塞尔维亚政府成立了一个国家委员会,调查出现在1944年9月12日之后的秘密埋葬地点。委员会汇编出了一部收录有姓名、基本个人生平数据以及受迫害细节的登记册。登记册共记录了55973个名字,其中有27367名南斯拉夫德意志人、14567名塞尔维亚族以及6112名匈牙利人[13]

参考文献

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 "Most of these people were murdered without a trial" (talking about at least 20.000) "...There is not even a smallest of doubt that these were war crimes." quoted from: Istina o streljanjima važnija od sudskih progona (PDF, in Serbian)
  2. ^ Quote: "Armed persons murdered unarmed civilians" p. 32 from Mészáros Z. (2012): Az 1944–45-os esemenyek minositesei (I)Qualifications of the 1944-45 Events (I). Létünk 2012/1. (PDF, in Hungarian)
  3. ^ Translated quote: "Besides unintentional, accidental killings, which were minimal in numbers, the number of executed after regular trial is low, most victims were liquidated as a reprisal, without any court proceeding." p. 5 from Mačković, S. (2017): Szabadka és a felszabadulás után (1944-1945) áldozatul esett polgári személyekSubotica and the civilian victims after the liberation (1944-1945). Subotica History, official page of the Historic Archive.
  4. ^ Quote: "For just a few days matter, all of them were murdered, mostly from our village. I personally buried them in the grave-hole." from Stijačić, M. (2018): Vreme je! – article published in Slobodni Srbobran 10 December 2018, archived using Google cache here (in 塞尔维亚语) (in 匈牙利语)
  5. ^ "These works negotiated the start of historical remembrance of the innocent persons' tragic fate, those that suffered cruel reprisal." Quote translated from p. 1. of A. Sajti E. (2018): A vajdasági helytörténetírás és a magyarok elleni megtorlások a Délvidéken – source. (PDF, in Hungarian)
  6. ^ Politika | Kako su dželati postali žrtve. Kontrapress. [6 June 2014]. 
  7. ^ Report on the stage of investigation, year 2011 (in Serbian)
  8. ^ Agenda of the round-table held in Belgrade, 2015 (in Serbian)
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 S. Dedeić – V. Arsić. Press Online :: Vesti dana – politika, skupstina, Srbija, Tadić, vlada, premijer :: Grobnice svuda po Srbiji. Pressonline.rs. [6 June 2014]. (原始内容存档于3 February 2014). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Ulrich Merten: Forgotten Voices: The Expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe After World War II, Transactions Publisher, New Jersey, USA, 2012
  11. ^ Kathryn Schaeffer Pabst, Douglas Schaeffer Pabst: Taken: A Lament for a Lost Ethnicity, iUniverse Books, 2006
  12. ^ Georg Wildmann, Hans Sonnleitner, Karl Weber: Genocide of the ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia, 1944–1948, Danube Swabian Association of the USA, 2001
  13. ^ State Commission Registry, accessed on 22 June 2014