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维基百科，自由的百科全书
这是西班牙语人名，首姓或父姓是「阿爾瓦倫加」，次姓或母姓（母親的父姓）是「阿亞拉」。
何塞·薩爾瓦多·阿爾瓦倫加
José Salvador Alvarenga
出生约1975年（49—50歲）
 薩爾瓦多阿瓦查潘省圣弗朗西斯科梅嫩德斯
失踪2012年11月17日
墨西哥恰帕斯州皮希希亞潘蔚藍海岸（Costa Azul）對開海域[1]
失踪情况在馬紹爾群島埃邦環礁登陸後獲救（1年74天）
别名西里洛（Cirilo）
职业漁夫
知名于在一艘漁船上與另一名男子（中途死亡）一起在海上漂流了近14個月
儿女1女[2]

何塞·薩爾瓦多·阿爾瓦倫加·阿亞拉（西班牙語：José Salvador Alvarenga Ayala，西班牙語：[xoˈse salβaˈðoɾ alβaˈɾeŋɡa]；约1975年[nb 1]—），薩爾瓦多漁夫與作家，其最知名的事跡為自2012年11月17日開始在一艘漁船上漂流，期間只靠吃生魚、海龜、小鳥、鯊魚和喝雨水存活[7]，直到2014年1月30日棄船游到馬紹爾群島埃邦環礁蒂勒島（Tile Islet）的岸邊，時間長達438天[8]。兩位當地居民——埃米·利博克梅托（Emi Libokmeto）和拉塞爾·萊基德里克（Russel Laikidrik）發現他時，其全身赤裸、手中握有小刀，且說著他們聽不懂的語言[9]。阿爾瓦倫加隨後轉送到馬朱羅的一家醫院接受治療[5][10]，並於11天後返回薩爾瓦多[11]。

儘管受到諸多質疑，阿爾瓦倫加的事跡仍在世界各地的媒體爭相報導。如果經歷屬實的話，他將是有史以來第一位乘小船在海上失蹤一年多後仍能生還的人[12]。

早年與個人生活

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阿爾瓦倫加出生於薩爾瓦多圣弗朗西斯科梅嫩德斯縣的加里塔帕爾梅拉（Garita Palmera），是何塞·里卡多·奧雷利亞納（José Ricardo Orellana）和瑪莉亞·茱莉亞·阿爾瓦倫加（María Julia Alvarenga）的兒子，前者在當地經營著一家麵粉廠和商店[8][13]。阿爾瓦倫多膝下有一女兒法蒂瑪（Fatima），由其祖父母撫育長大[5][8]，並有幾個住在美國的兄弟[3]。他在2002年離開薩爾瓦多前往墨西哥，當了近四年的漁民[2][3][14]。

漂流

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地图
阿爾瓦倫加的大致漂流路徑

2012年11月17日，阿爾瓦倫加從墨西哥恰帕斯州皮希希亞潘附近的小漁村蔚藍海岸（Costa Azul）出海[1]。作為一位老成練達的水手與漁夫，他意圖進行30小時的深海捕撈，打算收獲鯊魚、旗魚和馬林魚。其長期捕魚夥伴當天無法同行，取而代之的是缺乏捕魚經驗的23歲青年艾日奎利·科爾多瓦（Ezequiel Córdoba）。兩人之前並不認識彼此，阿爾瓦倫加也從未聽過對方的名字[12]。

他們的船是一艘的7米長[3]的無頂玻璃钢小艇，配有單舷外电动机和一用作儲放魚獲的冷藏箱。出海後不久，一場持續約五天的暴風雨將船隻吹離航線，其上的电动机和大部分便攜式電子設備都因此受損[3][10][12]。為了讓船能在惡劣的天氣下順利航行，兩人被迫把近500公斤的鮮魚傾回海中。趕在雙向無線電（英语：two-way radio）的電量耗盡前，阿爾瓦倫加成功與上司通話並請求救援[15]。然而在沒有帆、漿、錨、航行燈，以及無其他與陸上取得連繫的方式下，小艇只能在公海上隨波逐流[15]。本來船上的食物和基本補給亦不多，但漁具由於暴風雨的關係，不是損壞，就是丟失，阿爾瓦倫加和科爾多瓦也因此無法以捕魚方式求生[12]。他們雇主組織的搜尋行動隨後因能見度低的關係僅持續兩天便告失敗，期間毫無線索可言[15]。隨著時間一分一秒的過去，失蹤的兩人為了覓食，不惜一切代價搜刮任何從海中找到的資源；阿爾瓦倫加曾多次徒手成功捕捉到魚、海龜、水母和海鳥，有時還會與科爾多瓦一起打撈漂流在海上的餕餘和垃圾，同時盡可能地收集雨水以作飲用，但更頻繁的是喝龜血，甚至自己的尿液[15]。

根據阿爾瓦倫加的說法，科爾多瓦在航行大約四個月後因吃生肉患上重病，進而失去活下去的希望後拒絕進食，最終餓死[16]。科氏死後的四天內，他曾考慮過要否輕生[10] ，但很快便因自身基督教信仰的關係而放棄，並靠著重見父母，以及回到岸上後吃自己最喜歡的食物這兩個念頭堅持下去[5][12]。科爾多瓦生前曾要求阿爾瓦倫加不要吃他的屍體，前者因此把其屍身留在船上，有時候還會和他說話。六天後，阿爾瓦倫加由於生怕自己瘋掉，不得已下唯有把科爾多瓦棄屍海中[17]。

阿爾瓦倫加報稱曾在漂流過程中看到多艘越洋貨櫃船，但都求助無門，且期間通過月相來記錄時間[15]。在數完第15個月相週期後，他發現陸地：一座荒涼的小島，後來被證實是馬紹爾群島埃邦環礁東側的蒂勒島（Tile Islet）。2014年1月30日，薩爾瓦多人棄船遊到島礁的岸邊，並偶然發現一座由當地一對夫婦擁有的海濱別墅。阿爾瓦倫加的航程歷時438天，根據不同的計算方法，其航行距離大概為8,900至10,800公里（4,800至5,800海里）[4][10]。部分媒體最初將他統計的15個月球週期誤報成16個月[18]，後來才逐漸修正[3]。時任馬紹爾群島代理外交部長兼協定執行辦公室主任邴志良（Gee Leong Bing）稱阿爾瓦倫多的生命體徵除了血壓異常低下外，其他「一切安好」，但仍因腳踝浮肿而難以步行[19]。到了2月6日，他的健康狀況在過去24小時內每況愈下，必須接受靜脈注射以治療脫水[20]。

反應

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家庭

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阿爾瓦倫加的父母在其失蹤前雙方已失聯近八年，因此兩人知曉他還活著時幾乎樂不可支[13]。阿爾瓦倫加的父母皆表示一直希望兒子能平安歸家；女兒法蒂瑪稱當父親回家時會第一時間好好地擁抱他、親吻他；其住在美國馬里蘭州的姐夫豪爾赫·博尼利亞（Jorge Bonilla）則稱自己既高興，又感到難以置信[8]。

外界質疑與支持

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The implausibility of someone surviving so long at sea on a small craft led a number of commentators to doubt Alvarenga's story, though investigators were able to confirm some of the basic details. The owner of the boat he used, César Castillo, said that "it's incredible to survive that long. It's hard to think how anybody could go more than six or seven months without getting scurvy at least."[8] However, in an interview, Claude Piantadosi of Duke University said that fresh meat from birds and turtles contains vitamin C and that eating a lot of it, as Alvarenga claims to have done, "would provide sufficient vitamin C to prevent scurvy."[21] The Guardian found the Chiapas rescue services official, Jaime Marroquín, who was informed that a fishing boat had gone missing in the area on November 17, 2012. The official report identified the two fishermen as Cirilo Vargas and Ezequiel Córdova,[8] and stated that both were in their 30s.[8] Marroquín also indicated that according to the boat's owner, Vargas was born in El Salvador.[1] The local authorities originally searched for Vargas and Córdova, but called off the search after two days, citing heavy fog and bad weather.[8] In regard to the discrepancy between the names of the fishermen in the 2012 report and those of Alvarenga and Córdoba, CBS News reported that "records in Mexico are often filed with such mistakes".[22] Another explanation was provided by Alvarenga's parents, as reported by National Post, when they confirmed that in Mexico their son was known as "Cirilo".[23]

Tom Armbruster, the United States ambassador to the Marshall Islands, acknowledged that it seems implausible for someone to survive at sea for 13 months, but that "it's also hard to imagine how someone might arrive on Ebon out of the blue. Certainly this guy has had an ordeal, and has been at sea for some time."[24] Norman Barth, also of the American Embassy in the Marshall Islands, did the initial questioning of Alvarenga upon his arrival in Majuro and found him to be truthful.[25] In addition, Erik van Sebille, an oceanographer at the University of New South Wales, said that it was entirely possible that sea currents could carry a boat from Mexico to the Marshall Islands. He also estimated that such a trip would take about 18 months, but said that 13 months was still plausible.[26] Further support for his account came from a study by researchers from the University of Hawaii that modeled the path a boat might have taken after departing from the Pacific Coast in Mexico based on wind and current conditions, and concluded that it would end up "within 120 miles of Ebon", where Alvarenga actually landed.[27] In April 2014, Alvarenga's lawyer told a press conference that he had passed a polygraph test while being asked about his voyage.[28]

獲救後的生活

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住院11天後的2014年2月11日，阿爾瓦倫加的健康狀況被醫生團隊認為已恢復，當日獲准返程往薩爾瓦多[11]。然而回國後他一度被診斷患有貧血，也持續受到失眠和懼水症（英语：Aquaphobia）的困擾[15]。隔年阿爾瓦倫加接受調查記者喬納森·富蘭克林（英语：Jonathan Franklin）的一系列採訪，富蘭克林在2016年將他的經歷寫成《438天：在死寂與鯊群的陰影下》（438 Days: An Extraordinary True Story of Survival at Sea）[15]。儘管恢復健康已馬上回到墨西哥，向科爾多瓦的母親自白[15]，但在《438天》發行後不久，科爾多瓦的家人仍起訴阿爾瓦倫加並索賠100萬美金，指控後者為求生存吃掉他們的親戚。阿爾瓦倫加透過律師否認這項指控，並重申自已信守了科爾多瓦生前的「不吃他」請求[29]。

參見

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延伸閱讀

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  • Franklin, Jonathan. 438 Days: An Extraordinary True Story of Survival at Sea, New York, 2016.

註釋與參考資料

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註釋

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  1. ^ 大部分新聞來源根據其獲救後的自述，聲稱阿爾瓦倫加37歲[3][4][5]，但他後來坦言不確定自己是36歲還是37歲[6]。

參考資料

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Tuckman, Jo. José Salvador Alvarenga's 14 months at sea backed by fishermen and officials. The Guardian. February 4, 2014 [February 4, 2014]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Jose Salvador Alvarenga's family had given him up for dead. CBC.ca. February 4, 2014 [February 4, 2014]. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Pearlman, Jonathan. Castaway's family in El Salvador rejoice at his survival. The Daily Telegraph. February 4, 2014 [February 4, 2014]. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Walker, Brian. Castaway claims he drifted 14 months in Pacific. CNN. February 3, 2014 [February 4, 2014]. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Johnson, Giff. Real-Life Castaway Survived On Dreams Of Tortillas And Family. Business Insider. February 4, 2014 [February 4, 2014]. 
  6. ^ Pearlman, Jonathan. Too incredible to be true? Survivor tells of Pacific ordeal. The Daily Telegraph. February 3, 2014 [February 4, 2014]. 
  7. ^ Connor, Tracy. Marshall Islands castaway: 'I wanted to kill myself'. NBC News. February 4, 2014 [February 4, 2014]. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Fishy Story? Details Of Castaway's Tale Adrift At Sea Confirmed But Doubts Remain. Fox News Latino. February 4, 2014 [February 4, 2014]. 
  9. ^ Pearlman, Jonathan. Castaway: two Pacific islanders, a screaming naked fisherman and three omelettes. The Daily Telegraph. February 8, 2014 [February 10, 2014]. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Haddou, Leila. Pacific castaway recounts his 13-month odyssey. The Guardian. February 3, 2014 [February 4, 2014]. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Castaway flies home after 13-month Pacific odyssey. The Guardian. [February 10, 2014]. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Franklin, Jonathan. 438 Days: An Extraordinary True Story of Survival at Sea. 2015: 131. On the one-year anniversary of his journey adrift, the moon was full and José Salvador Alvarenga became the first known person in history known to have survived an entire year in a small boat, lost at sea. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Aleman, Marcos; Perry, Nick. Sea survivor's Salvadoran family thought he died. AP News. February 5, 2014 [March 31, 2025]. 
  14. ^ Nick Perry, Associated Press, "Jose Salvador Alvarenga Says He Survived on Fish, Turtles, birds and drinking his own urine".
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 Franklin, Jonathan. Lost at sea: the man who vanished for 14 months. The Guardian. November 7, 2015 [November 7, 2015]. 
  16. ^ Pearlman, Jonathan. Castaway from Mexico: First photos of Jose Salvador Alvarenga's boat. The Daily Telegraph. February 4, 2014 [February 4, 2014]. 
  17. ^ Connelly, Sherryl. Fisherman survives '438 Days' lost at sea, story told by Jonathan Franklin in new book. The Daily News. November 14, 2015 [August 11, 2019]. 
  18. ^ Addley, Esther. Castaway tells tale of 16-month Pacific survival to rival Life of Pi. The Guardian. January 31, 2014 [February 4, 2014]. 
  19. ^ Withnall, Adam. Castaway Jose Salvador Alvarenga's 'incredible story': Official says fishy tale may be too good to be true需要付费订阅. The Independent. February 4, 2014 [February 4, 2014]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-17）. 
  20. ^ Brandt, Randy; Dellaverson, Carlo; Bruton, F. Brinley. Doctors Concerned For Health Of Castaway Jose Salvador Alvarenga. NBC News. February 6, 2014 [April 7, 2025]. 
  21. ^ Jose Salvador Alvarenga and the science of survival. CBC.ca. Associated Press. February 6, 2014 [February 6, 2014]. 
  22. ^ Reals, Tucker. Jose Salvador Alvarenga's survival story gets backing from Mexico rescue official. CBS News. February 4, 2014 [February 4, 2014]. 
  23. ^ Aleman, Marcos. Jose Salvador Alvarenga's family say his survival 'is a miracle' as incredulity remains at epic 10,000-km ocean voyage. National Post. February 4, 2014 [February 6, 2014]. 
  24. ^ Man says he was adrift 13 months. Tampa Bay Times. February 4, 2014 [January 5, 2021]. 
  25. ^ Franklin, Jonathan. 438 Days. Simon and Schuster. September 27, 2016. ISBN 978-1-5011-1630-8 （英语）. 
  26. ^ Poladian, Charles. Meet Jose Salvador Alvarenga: Castaway Spent 13 Months Lost At Sea, Survived On Birds And Turtles. International Business Times. February 3, 2014 [February 5, 2014]. 
  27. ^ Agence France-Presse. How castaway Jose Salvador Alvarenga survived 18 months at sea. NDTV. February 16, 2014 [February 18, 2014]. 
  28. ^ Bratu, Becky. Pacific Castaway Passed Lie Detector Test, Lawyer Says. NBC News. April 4, 2014 [April 27, 2014]. 
  29. ^ Osborne, Samuel. Salvador Alvarenga: Castaway who survived 15 months at sea sued for $1m after being accused of eating colleague需要付费订阅. www.independent.co.uk. December 15, 2015 [December 15, 2015]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-17）. 

外部連結

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