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性食同類

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性食同類英語:Sexual cannibalism)是指動物個體(通常屬雌性)在交配過程之前、期間或隨後的同類相食行為。[1]

這類現象在許多蛛形綱物種、一些昆蟲甲殼類物種[2]腹足綱物種,和一些蛇類物種中被觀察到。幾種假設被提出以解釋此類行為如何經演化過程產生:適應性覓食假說(英語:adaptive foraging hypothesis)[3]、攻擊性溢出假說(英語:aggressive spillover hypothesis)[4]和錯誤身分假說(英語:mistaken identity hypothesis)[5]。這類行為被認為是作為性衝突的表現而演化產生,當雄性和雌性的生殖利益(英語:reproductive interest)不同時就會發生。[6] 發生此類現象的物種的雌性個體通常具有敵意且不願交配;這些物種的許多雄性個體發展出適應行為以對應雌性的有關行為。[7][8]

性食同類通常被視為親代投資行為,子代會因此獲得以下一項或多項好處:更多數量的子代、更高的子代活力、更好的子代存活率,以及壽命更長和/或更容易繁殖的子代等。由於這些多重好處,性食同類甚至有在一些以植物為主要營養來源的物種發生。[9][10]

性食同類通常伴隨著兩性個體間的體型差異(參看兩性異形),這在一些節肢動物物種尤其明顯。[11]

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參考資料

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  1. ^ Polis, Gary A.; Farley, Roger D. Behavior and Ecology of Mating in the Cannibalistic Scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis Stahnke (Scorpionida: Vaejovidae). The Journal of Arachnology. 1979, 7 (1): 33–46 [2024-08-05]. ISSN 0161-8202. JSTOR 3704952. (原始内容存档于2023-09-01). 
  2. ^ Buskirk, Ruth E.; Frohlich, Cliff; Ross, Kenneth G. The Natural Selection of Sexual Cannibalism. The American Naturalist. 1984, 123 (5): 612–625 [2024-08-05]. ISSN 0003-0147. JSTOR 2461241. doi:10.1086/284227. (原始内容存档于2024-04-22). 
  3. ^ Blamires, Sean J. Nutritional implications for sexual cannibalism in a sexually dimorphic orb web spider. Austral Ecology. 2011, 36 (4): 389–394 [2024-08-05]. Bibcode:2011AusEc..36..389B. ISSN 1442-9985. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02161.x. (原始内容存档于2024-04-22) (英语). 
  4. ^ Arnqvist, Göran. Courtship Behavior and Sexual Cannibalism in the Semi-Aquatic Fishing Spider, Dolomedes fimbriatus (Clerck) (Araneae: Pisauridae). The Journal of Arachnology. 1992, 20 (3): 222–226 [2024-08-05]. ISSN 0161-8202. JSTOR 3705884. (原始内容存档于2024-04-22). 
  5. ^ Gould, S. Only his wings remained. Natural History 93, 10-18 (1984).
  6. ^ Chapman, Tracey; Arnqvist, Göran; Bangham, Jenny; Rowe, Locke. Sexual conflict. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2003, 18 (1): 41–47 [2024-08-05]. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)00004-6. (原始内容存档于2024-07-10) (英语). 
  7. ^ Zhang, Shichang; Kuntner, Matjaž; Li, Daiqin. Mate binding: male adaptation to sexual conflict in the golden orb-web spider (Nephilidae: Nephila pilipes) (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 2011, 82 (6): 1299–1304 [2024-08-05]. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.09.010. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2024-03-10) (英语). 
  8. ^ Fromhage, Lutz; Schneider, Jutta M. Safer sex with feeding females: sexual conflict in a cannibalistic spider. Behavioral Ecology. 2005-03-01, 16 (2): 377–382. ISSN 1465-7279. doi:10.1093/beheco/ari011 (英语). 
  9. ^ William D. Brown and Katherine L. Barry (2006): Sexual cannibalism increases male material investment in offspring: quantifying terminal reproductive effort in a praying mantis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 283 (1833), article ID 20160656. 6 Seiten. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0656 (open access)
  10. ^ Boisseau, R., Wilder, S., Berry, K.(2016): Sexual and nonsexual cannibalism have different effects on offspring performance in redback spiders Behavioral Ecology, Volume 28, Issue 1, 01 January-February 2017, Pages 294–303, doi:10.1093/beheco/arw159 (open access)
  11. ^ Buskirk, Ruth E.; Frohlich, Cliff; Ross, Kenneth G. The Natural Selection of Sexual Cannibalism. The American Naturalist. 1984-05, 123 (5) [2024-08-05]. ISSN 0003-0147. doi:10.1086/284227. (原始内容存档于2023-02-17) (英语).