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Knights Dueling, by Eugène Delacroix

11世纪到20世纪的欧洲人有时会用决斗解决争执。双方装备的武器必须符合各自的“决斗教条”。“决斗”一词有时也用来指战斗机之间的空战，以及战船之间的海战（特别是在航海时代）。

中世纪决斗往往被描写得很浪漫。决斗者往往借口保卫荣誉权（有时会为了微不足道的事情决斗），或是为恢复其君主的名誉而提出决斗。决斗的目的一般不是为了获得满足，而是展示自己的骑士精神。

决斗一般不充当判罪的依据，反之则为司法决斗（en:trial by combat）。19世纪初以后很多欧洲国家都立法禁止决斗，但是决斗并没有因此终止，决斗双方——只要决斗是公平的——一般也不会受到指控。只有绅士有荣誉权，因此只有绅士允许决斗。如果绅士被地位较低的人冒犯了，他可以用笞杖、短马鞭或鞭子进行惩罚，或者让他的仆人代劳。决斗现在已被废止了。

目录

[编辑] 规则

Sabre duel of German students, around 1900, painting by Georg Mühlberg (1863-1925)

早期的决斗通常使用决斗剑。18世纪后也经常使用决斗手枪。[1]富裕的贵族往往愿意花大价钱购买决斗手枪。

决斗前的情形通常如下。一方被侮辱（可能是想象中的）之后，将会向另一方要求得到满足，[2]做法是做侮辱性的动作，例如把手套扔到对方面前。英语成语"throwing down the gauntlet"——“扔手套”就是提出挑战的意思。成语的来源是中世纪的习俗：爵士被授予爵位的时候要被仪式性地扇一耳光，表示这是他最后一次“受冒犯而不以十倍报复”。[來源請求]。因此被手套扇耳光的人要么接受挑战，要么承认受辱。不过和很多人认为的不同，用手套打脸不算是提出挑战。提出挑战后，双方各指定一个“副手”，由他们决定无人打扰的“荣耀场所”。决斗一般在黎明进行，其目的也是避免打扰。副手还负责检查双方的武器是大致等同的，并证明决斗的公平性。

决斗的终止方法有以下几种，由挑战者选择：

  • 只要一方受伤——即使是小伤，决斗就终止；
  • 一方受重伤而无法继续决斗时，决斗终止；
  • 一方受致命伤后，决斗终止；
  • 手枪决斗中，双方相对开枪。如果两人都没有命中，而挑战者认为他已经“满足”，则决斗终止；否则反复开枪，直到一方受伤或死亡为止。但开枪次数不能超过三次，否则会被认为是过于“野蛮”。实际这种情况很少见。
小说中 Eugene Onegin 和 Vladimir Lensky 的手枪决斗

在手枪决斗中，决斗者可以有意打偏，可能表示“不屑与之决斗”。这种做法被1777年的决斗法的第13条禁止，但还是存在不同的习俗。挑战者可以在“满足”后要求立即停止决斗。当决斗者无法继续的时候，有时可由副手代劳——这种情况一般发生在技术要求较高的用剑的决斗中。

手枪决斗中，双方各持上好膛的手枪，背对站立，向前走一定步数，最后转身射击。一般来说，侮辱越严重，走的步数越少。另一种做法是，由副手事先在地上用剑标出转身的地方（称作“points”）。一般在给出一个信号（例如扔手帕）之后双方方可开火，以减少作弊的可能。另一种做法是双方轮流射击，被挑战者在前。

决斗经常因为无法就决斗方法（"methodus pugnandi"）达成一致意见而被取消。在 Dr. Richard Brocklesby 的决斗中，双方不同意要走的步数；Mark Akenside 和 Ballow 决斗时，一者不愿在上午决斗，另一者则拒绝在下午决斗。John Wilkes 则对这些细枝末节不屑一顾。当 Lord Talbot 问他他们应当开火多少次的时候，他回答说：“悉听尊便；在下已带来了‘一袋子弹和一瓶火药’。”

[编辑] 历史

另見：History of fencing 及 European dueling sword

由侮辱和社会地位的原因引起的身体对抗（很自然地）可以追溯到史前的人属生物；然而在 西方社会，真正意义上的决斗，却是从中世纪司法决斗以及更古老的、基督教时代前的维京时代（en:Viking Age）的Holmganga等发展出来的。 Judicial duels were deprecated by the Lateran Council of 1215, but in 1459 (MS Thott 290 2), Hans Talhoffer reports that in spite of this, there were still seven capital crimes that were still commonly accepted to be settled by a judicial duel. Most societies did not condemn dueling, and the victor of a duel was regarded not as a murderer but as a hero, his social status often increased. During the early Renaissance, dueling established the status of a respectable gentleman, and was an accepted manner to resolve disputes. Dueling in such societies was seen as an alternative to less regulated conflict.

According to one scholar, "In France during the reign of Henry IV (1589-1610), more than 4,000 French aristocrats were killed in duels in an eighteen-year period...During the reign of Louis XIII (1610-1643)...in a twenty-year period 8,000 pardons were issued for murders associated with duels...In the United States thousands of Southerners died protecting what they believed to be their honor."[3]

The first published code duello, or "code of dueling", appeared in Renaissance Italy; however, it had many antecedents, ranging back to old Germanic law. The first formalized national code was France's, during the Renaissance. In 1777, Ireland developed a code duello, which was indeed the most influential in American dueling culture.

[编辑] 著名的决斗

主条目：en:List of famous duels

拒绝挑战有时被认为是可耻的，而且经常会被处以罚金。名人受到挑战的可能性比普通人大得多。

俄国诗人普希金在他的作品中描述了几场决斗，例如 Onegin's duel with Lensky in Eugene Onegin，似乎是预言了自己的死亡。他本人在和 Georges d'Anthès 的决斗中受了致命伤，后者据传是他妻子的情人。事后 D'Anthès 被控在决斗中作弊，但他还是娶了普希金的 sister-in-law，还当上了法国的大臣和参议院。决斗事件是由一封匿名信煽动的。据说 D'Anthès 与荷兰大使的同性恋情引起了两个同性恋王子的嫉恨，而匿名信就出自这两人之手。[來源請求]

1598年，英格兰剧作家 Ben Jonson 在和一个名叫 Gabriel Spencer 的演员的决斗中受了致命伤。 1798年，HRH The Duke of York，雅号"The Grand Old Duke of York"在和 Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Lennox 的决斗中被一颗子弹擦伤了头发。1840年，7th Earl of Cardigan，如今声名狼藉的 Charge of the Light Brigade 的主管，在决斗中打伤了一个名叫 Captain Tuckett 的英国军官的，但没有致命。

有四位英国首相参加过决斗：

1864年，美国作家马克·吐温——当时是 New York Sunday Mercury 的编辑——在朋友的怂恿下向当地另一位报社编辑提出了挑战。他选择了一个经验丰富的副手；在决斗前的练习时间，后者又在对手面前成功地吹嘘了作家的手枪技术（把自己打死的鸟说成是作家打死的），使得作家成功避免了一场决斗，并且赢得了荣誉。[4] [5] [6]

美国最有名的决斗当属 en:Burr-Hamilton duel。著名联邦党人亚历山大·汉密尔顿被时任美国副总统的阿龙·伯尔重伤，翌日身亡。而历任美军陆军将军、第七任美国总统的安德鲁·杰克逊也以决斗闻名。1806年5月30日他杀死了著名决斗者 Charles Dickinson，自己则留下了终生未愈的胸伤。据说他曾和一位律师决斗，但双方都未受伤；1803年差点和 en:John Sevier 决斗；1813年他在边境上和参议员 Thomas Hart Benton 发生了武力冲突，但不能算作是决斗。1832年5月30日，20岁的法国数学家埃瓦里斯特·伽罗瓦在决斗中身亡[來源請求]，正是在他完成伽罗瓦理论的第二天。

加拿大的最后一起致命决斗发生在1833年，是 Robert Lyon 挑战 John Wilson的一起手枪决斗，起因是关于对当地的一个女老师的评价。Lyon 被杀后 Wilson 和她结了婚。英格兰最后一起致命决斗发生在1852年温莎附近的 Priest Hill。

[编辑] 特别的决斗

注意：这一部分不一定完全可靠。

1808年，两个法国人在巴黎上空进行了一场“气球决斗”。双方都试图把对方的气球射穿；最后一个决斗者被射中，和他的副手一并身亡。[7]

1843年，也就是35年后，两个人用投掷台球的方法进行决斗。[7]

有的决斗者会故意选择奇怪的武器，例如榴弹炮、长柄大锤（en:sledgehammer），以及一堆猪粪，借以表示对决斗的蔑视。[7]

据说奥托·冯·俾斯麦曾挑战过鲁道夫·菲尔绍医生。医生选择的武器是两只香肠，其中有一只被接种了霍乱弧菌。俾斯麦当即取消了决斗。[8]

[编辑] 对打

1593年1月18日，暹罗国王纳黎萱在战象上刺死了缅甸王子帕玛哈乌拔拉，这一天成为了泰国的建军节。图为位于泰国北榄府的塑像。

“对打”（single combat）是在战斗中双方各派一名战士代表（en:champion）决斗，其他人则在一旁观看，直到决斗结束。对打一般发生在两国中间地带的战斗中。

在各时期、各地区的传说和历史中都有对对打的描述。早期的有《圣经》中记载的大卫和歌利亚的决斗，以及《伊利亚特》中描述的墨涅拉俄斯与帕里斯、阿喀琉斯与赫克托耳的决斗。古罗马时期的一对一决斗在史书中也被多次提到：据蒂托·李维记载，前7世纪，Horatii 打败了 Alba Longa 的 Curiatii，使得这一城市成为了罗马的隶属城市；Marcus Claudius Marcellus 在前222年的 Battle of Clastidium 杀死了 Gaesatae 王 Viridomarus 并缴其武器（spolia opima）；前22年，Deldo 的 Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives 则杀死了 Bastarnae 王并缴其武器。

印度史诗《摩诃婆罗多》和《罗摩衍那》中也有对对打的描述。《三国演义》中也常常出现双方将领对打的场面。

在著名的爱尔兰神话（en:Irish Mythology）en:The Cattle Raid of Cooley中，Ulster 的战士都受了诅咒而不能抵御 Queen Maeb 的侵略军——除了 Cúchulainn。这位英雄进行了多次“对打”，直到他的战友们恢复正常。

Many battles depicted in the Medieval Chanson de Roland consist of a series of single combats, as are battles depicted in various tales of the Arabian Nights. Guy of Warwick, the legendary English Romance hero, is depicted as defeating in single combat the viking giant Colbrand; the story is set in the time of Athelstan of England, but actually reflects the society of the late Middle Ages.

An important episode in Geoffrey of Monmouth's legendary History of the Kings of Britain (ca. 1136) is the single combat between prince Nennius of Britain and Julius Caesar.

The Battle of Badr, one of the most important in the early history of Islam, was opened by three champions of the Islamic side (Ali, Ubaydah, and Hamzah) stepping forward, engaging and defeating three of the then-Pagan Meccans, although Ubaydah was mortally wounded.[9] This result of the three single combats was considered to have substantially contributed to the Muslim victory in the overall battle which followed.

Single combats were a major characteristic in the traditional Samurai fighting of medieval Japan, and the samurais despised the mass fighting style of the Mongols who invaded their country and saw it as inferior (see Mongol invasions of Japan#Significance).

The 1380 Battle of Kulikovo, a key event in the wars between the Tartaro-Mongols and the Russians, was allegedly opened by a single combat of two champions - the Russian Alexander Peresvet, and the Golden Horde's Temir-murza (also Chelubey or Cheli-bey). The champions killed each other in the first run, though according to Russian legend, Peresvet did not fall from the saddle, while Temir-murza fell.

In personal combat fought on the backs of war elephants in a war between Burma and Siam, Siamese King Naresuan slew Burmese Crown Prince Minchit Sra in 1593.

Captain John Smith of Jamestown, in his earlier career as a mercenary in Eastern Europe, is reputed to have defeated, killed and beheaded Turkish commanders in three single combats, for which he was knighted by the Transylvanian Prince Sigismund Báthory and given a horse and coat of Arms showing three Turks' heads.[10].

Single combats are especially common during battles fought between mounted aristocratic warriors (or earlier, driving chariots), a type of warfare allowing considerable freedom of manouvre and initiative to individual warriors. Single combat is less feasible where battles are fought by bodies of infantry whose success depends upon keeping an exact formation, such as the ancient phalanx and maniple and in later times the various formations of pikemen.

[编辑] 各地区的决斗

[编辑] 德国、奥地利、瑞士

一种叫做 en:Mensur 的传统非致命决斗在这些国家的学生中很流行，现在发展成为了 en:Academic fencing。它不是为了“保卫荣誉”，对抗性也不强。它是

“一种传统教育的手段，没有赢家和输家……不避免受伤，而是要求坚强地忍耐。”

[编辑] 希腊

19世纪爱奥尼亚群岛的男人之间经常发生形式化的名誉之争。但决斗者是农民而不是贵族。

使用的武器是刀子。“提出挑战”的方法一般是在公共场合彼此进行性冒犯；决斗以一方血流满面终止，一般不会致命。赢家通常向对方身上吐口水，并用围巾浸对方的血液，或者用围巾擦干自己的刀子。

赢家一般不会试图逃避拘捕，通常会被处以短期拘留或者低额罚金。[11]

[编辑] 印度

参见：Kalaripayattu、Chekavar及Mamankam

In the South Indian state of Kerala, duelling between warriors was used to settle conflicts between local rulers. The practice ended in the early 1800s following the outlaw of Kalaripayattu by British Colonialists. The prime martial caste of Kerala, Nairs, and some prominent Ezhava families made up the Chekavars (which literally means "those who are prepared to die" in the local Malayalam language). Some prominent warriors who took part in Ankam (duel) were Thacholi Othenan, Unniarcha, Aromal Chekavar, whose legends are described in the Vadukkan Pattukal (Northern Ballads). The Mamankam Festival held by the Zamorin ruler in the kingdom of modern day Calicut, was a ritual which glorified the martial traditions of warrior families in the Malabar. The ritual ended after the Zamorin was overthrown.

[编辑] Poland

In Poland duels have been known since the Middle Ages. Polish duel rules were formed, based on Italian, French and German codes. The best known Polish code was written as late as in 1919 by Władysław Boziewicz. In those times duels were already forbidden in Poland, but the "Polish Honorary Code" was quite widely in use. Punishments for participation in duels were rather mild (up to a year imprisonment if the result was death or grievous bodily harm).[1]

[编辑] Philippines

Duelling is widely known to have existed for centuries in the Philippine Islands. In the Visayan islands, the offended party would first "hagit" or challenge the offender. The offender would have the choice whether to accept or decline the challenge. In the past, choice of weapons was not limited. But most often, bolos, rattan canes, and knives were the preferred weapons. Rules may be agreed upon. Duels were either first-blood, submission, or to the last man standing (last man still alive). Duels to death were known as "huego-todo" (without bounds).

Widely publicised duels are common in Filipino martial arts circles. One of those very controversial and publicised duels was between Ciriaco "Cacoy" Cañete and Venancio "Ansiong" Bacon. It was rumored that Cacoy won in this match by executing an illegal maneuver, but this rumor has not been proven to this day. Another match was between Cacoy and a man identified only by his name "Domingo" in the mountain barangay of Balamban in 1948, which was also very controversial. Some claimed that this event was just a hoax.[來源請求]

[编辑] 反对意见

罗马天主教会以及其他很多政治领袖，如苏格兰和英格兰的 King James VI & I，指责欧洲历史上的决斗之风。也有权威人士默许决斗，认为它可能是解决长期的家族和社会冲突的方法。

[编辑] 英国

虽然19世纪初发生了不少著名决斗，19世纪中叶时英国社会一般就不再赞成决斗，此后就很少发生。

[编辑] 美国

[编辑] 历史

美国18世纪之后就不再盛行决斗。富兰克林指责这一风气是无用的暴力行为，华盛顿则在美国独立战争时期鼓励军官拒绝决斗，因为他认为军官死于决斗会对战事造成负面影响。

19世纪末，合法的决斗在世界上基本绝迹了。美国有些州没有明文禁止决斗，但在决斗中击伤对方者可能面临人身伤害或者过失杀人的指控。具体内容，参见en:Duel#United_States。

[编辑] 反对决斗的册子

AntiDuelingPamphletEliphaletNott1804.jpg

亚历山大·汉密尔顿的友人于 1804 写的反对决斗的宣传册
EliphaletNottSermonDeathOfAlexanderHamiltonPartialText1809.jpg

1804 年的宣传册的正文开头
TheRemedyForDuelingSermonLymanBeecherPamphlet1809.jpg

纽约反决斗协会于 1809 年发行的册子 Remedy
AntiDuelingAssocOfNYResolutions1809.jpg

Remedy 册子中的“决议”部分
AntiDuellingAssocOfNYAddressToNY1809.jpg

Remedy 册子中的“致选民”部分

[编辑] 现代决斗

现代仍然有决斗，但是不那么强调规则了。[來源請求]

[编辑] France

The last duel in France took place in 1967 when Gaston Deferre insulted René Ribière at the French parliament and was subsequentially challenged to a duel fought with swords. René Ribière lost the duel, Deferre's sword having twice shed Ribière's blood. René Ribière was only slightly injured and got married the following day.[來源請求]

[编辑] Latin America

In much of South America duels were common during the 20th century[2], although generally illegal.

  • In Mexico, April 2009, 31 year-old Joseph Berrelleza and 18 year-old Eduardo Jesús Argüelles Rábago fought a duel in the state of Sinaloa. The duellists were 5 metres apart from each other and each used his own gun. Both were seriously wounded in the encounter.[12]
  • In Peru there were several high-profile duels by politicians in the early part of the twentieth century including one in 1957 involving Fernando Belaúnde Terry—who went on to become President.
  • Uruguay decriminalized duelling in 1920, and in that year José Batlle y Ordóñez, a former President of Uruguay, killed Washington Beltran, editor of the newspaper El País, in a formal duel fought with pistols. In 1990 another editor was challenged to a duel by an Assistant Police Chief[3]. Although approved by the government the duel did not take place—and in 1992 Uruguay repealed the 1920 law.
  • In 2002 Peruvian independent congressman, Eittel Ramos, challenged Peruvian Vice President, David Waisman to a duel with pistols, saying the vice president had insulted him. Waisman declined.[4]
  • 1952: Chile. Senator Salvador Allende (later president of Chile) and his colleague Raúl Rettig (later head of a commission that investigated human rights violations committed during the 1973–1990 military rule in Chile), agreed to fire one shot on each other and both failed [5]. At that time duelling was already illegal in Chile.

[编辑] Japan

  • In May 2005, twelve youths aged between fifteen and seventeen were arrested in Japan and charged with violating a dueling law that came into effect in 1889. Six other youths were also arrested on the same charges in March.[來源請求]

[编辑] 参看

维基媒体共享资源标志

In the world of cinema, dueling has provided themes for such motion pictures as Stanley Kubrick's 1975 Barry Lyndon (an adaptation of a novel by William Makepeace Thackeray from 1844) and Ridley Scott's 1977 The Duellists, which adapted Joseph Conrad's 1908 short story The Duel, [6] [http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/dueling/4. The 1943 film The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp shows the two main characters becoming friends after fighting a duel, the preparations for which are shown in great detail. Perhaps most notable of all however, is the career of Max Ophuls, who employs duels to resolve passionate conflicts in a number of his films. In 1974 The Man with the Golden Gun (film) the duel between Bond and Scaramanga is refereed by Nick-Nack who tells both contestants that this is a duel to the death; no wounding is allowed and if necessary Nick Nack will administer the coup-de-grace.

[编辑] 参考

  1. ^ http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/techniques/pup_wd.html
  2. ^ http://gaslight.mtroyal.ab.ca/gaslight/mysticXN.htm
  3. ^ The Dishonor of Dueling, Ariel A. Roth
  4. ^ http://www.classicauthors.net/Paine/twainbio/twainbio46.html
  5. ^ http://twain.classicauthors.net/autobiography/autobiography8.html
  6. ^ http://www.twaintimes.net/page4.htm
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Smithsonian Magazine
  8. ^ Isaac Asimov, Treasury of Humor, page 202.
  9. ^ Sunan Abu Dawud: Book 14, Number 2659
  10. ^ Not Just Another John Smith, usnews.com, January 21, 2007
  11. ^ http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/105.2/ah000359.html
  12. ^ http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/589707.html

[编辑] 资料来源

  • Baldick, Robert. The Duel: A History of Duelling. London: Chapman & Hall, 1965.
  • Cramer, Clayton. Concealed Weapon Laws of the Early Republic: Dueling, Southern Violence, and Moral Reform
  • Freeman, Joanne B. Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001; paperback ed., 2002)
  • Freeman, Joanne B. “Dueling as Politics: Reinterpreting the Burr-Hamilton Duel.” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3d series, 53 (April 1996): 289-318.
  • Frevert, Ute. "Men of Honour: A Social and Cultural History of the Duel." trans. Anthony Williams Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995.
  • Greenberg, Kenneth S. “The Nose, the Lie, and the Duel in the Antebellum South.” American Historical Review 95 (February 1990): 57-73.
  • James Kelly. That Damn'd Thing Called Honour: Duelling in Ireland 1570-1860" (1995)
  • Kevin McAleer. Dueling: The Cult of Honor in Fin-de-Siecle Germany (1994)
  • Morgan, Cecilia. "'In Search of the Phantom Misnamed Honour': Duelling in Upper Canada." Canadian Historical Review 1995 76(4): 529-562.
  • Rorabaugh, W. J. “The Political Duel in the Early Republic: Burr v. Hamilton.” Journal of the Early Republic 15 (Spring 1995): 1-23.
  • Schwartz, Warren F., Keith Baxter and David Ryan. “The Duel: Can these Gentlemen be Acting Efficiently?.” The Journal of Legal Studies 13 (June 1984): 321-355.
  • Steward, Dick. Duels and the Roots of Violence in Missouri (2000),
  • Williams, Jack K. Dueling in the Old South: Vignettes of Social History (1980) (1999),
  • Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. Honor and Violence in the Old South (1986)
  • Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (1982),

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[编辑] 外部链接

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